Glucose fructose

Fig. 5. Fructose—glucose separation on faujasite adsorbents, (a) Ca—Y adsorbent (b) Ca—X adsorbent (c) K—X adsorbent.

Table 1 contains a list of the dihexulose dianhydrides currently in the literature, together with some mixed fructose-glucose dianhydrides. Trivial and IUPAC names are included. Each entry has a proposed abbreviation. Because of the great similarity of structure between all the compounds in Table I, these abbreviations are used, rather than numbers, in the context of this chapter. Thus, 1 is named as ot-D-Fru/-l,2 2,1 - 3-D-Frup, 2 as (3-D-Fru/-l,2 2,3 - 3-D-Fru/, and 3 as 3-D-Frup-1,2 2,l -ot-L-Sor/>. 

Per-O-acetyl dihexulose dianhydrides l3C NMR spectra, 247 H NMR spectra, 250-251 optical rotations and melting points, 244 Per-O-acetyl fructose glucose, H-NMR spectra, 252... 

Steroids, e.g. cholesterol, triolein, androsterone sugars, e.g. fructose, glucose, ribose amino acids, pyrimidines, purines, alkaloids 110-150°C, 2-12 h Conversion to fluorescent derivatives by heating. [5]... 

But here is what Philip Brown did He took a different tack on the question. He set up and performed an experiment wherein he took different sugars (fructose, glucose, and sucrose) and made up solutions by dissolving them in water, each at five different concentration levels, and made solutions using all combinations of concentrations. That gave an experimental design with 125 samples. He then measured the spectra of all of those samples. Since the samples were all clear solutions there were no extraneous effects due to optical scatter. 

HTAC and HTAH have been used as surfactants in the chemiluminescence reaction of lucigenin (10,10 -dimethyl-9,9 -biacridinium dinitrate) with biological reductants (such as fructose, glucose, ascorbic and uric acid) or hydrogen peroxide [38],... 

The initial HMF content in all honey samples was lower than the allowed maximum limit of 40 mg/kg as recommended by Turkish Alimentarus Codex [17], for honey in general. These results contradict the observation made by some authors that the types of honey produced in subtropical climates have high HMF exceeding 40 mg/kg [18]. However, the European Union council directive also allows for a maximum of 80 mg/kg for honey from tropical climates. The HMF level in honey is said to depend on the type of sugar present in honey and the fructose glucose ratio [19]. The HMF formation results from the acid catalyzed dehydration of hexose... 

Carbohydrates and organic acids separation (e.g., fructose/glucose, citric acid,... 

Figure 6.10 Fructose/glucose separation on zeolite adsorbents.

Cereal (breakfastl fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose... 

Rats 61 2 vs 52 2% Dogs 29 2 vs 15 1% Ca from CCM in AJ better retained than diat from OJ In rats Ca retention CCM-AJ and CCM-OJ > milk (42 2%) Hi er ratio of fructose glucose and lower acid content of CCM-AJ improved Ca retention in rats... 

Konig and co-workers also reported that Amberlyst 15 can promote the dehydration of carbohydrates to HMF using safe concentrated low melting mixtures consisting of choline chloride (ChCl) and about 50 wt% of carbohydrates. From fructose, glucose, sucrose, and inulin, HMF was produced with 40, 9, 27, and 54%, respectively within 1 h of reaction at a temperature around 100°C. Montmorillonite has also been used as a solid acid catalyst affording HMF with 49, 7, 35, and 7% yield from fructose, glucose, sucrose, and inulin, respectively [97]. 

Hydrolysis is the process by which a compound is broken down by reaction with water, thus it can be thought of as the opposite reaction of dehydration, where water is of course removed. Hydrolysis is a key reaction type in biomass chemistry, for it is central in the depolymerisation of polysaccharides to simpler monosaccharide building blocks, such as fructose, glucose, and xylose. 

Vivanti, V, Finotti, E., Friedman, M. (2006). Level of acrylamide precursors asparagine, fructose, glucose, and sucrose in potatoes sold at retail in Italy and the United States. Food Chemistry and Toxicology, 71, C81-C85. 

Compounds that have the same chemical formula but have different structures are called isomers. For example, fructose, glucose, mannose, and galactose are all isomers of each other, having the same chemical formula, C6H1206. If two monosaccharides differ in configuration around only one specific carbon atom (with the exception of the carbonyl carbon, see anomers below), they are defined as epimers of each other. (Of course, they are also isomers ) For example, glucose... 

Honey is a mixture of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose. Glucose is a six-membered ring, and fructose is a five-membered ring. For simplicity, the stick structures introduced in Chapter 12 are shown below each molecular model. 

Sucrose—> glucose + fructose Glucose + P —> glucose 1-phosphate... 

Among the principal natural sugars are fructose, glucose (also called dextrose), honey, invert sugar, lactose, maltose, raffinose and stachyose, sucrose, sugar alcohols, and xylitol. 

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