Fructooligosaccharides short-chain

Fructooligosaccharides Polymers of fructose that reach the colon undigested and are broken down there to short-chain fatty acids by bacterial enzymes. 

The concentration of short-chain fructooligosaccharides in foods is of interest in that they comprise part of the total dietary fiber. The standard Asssociation of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) method for dietary fiber does not measure short-chain fructooligosaccharides due to their ethanol solubility however, several alternative methods have been developed (Hoebregs, 1997 McCleary et al., 2000 Ouame et al., 1997 Simonovska, 2000 Zuleta and Sambucetti, 2001). 

FIGURE 5.3 Flow diagram for the extraction and fractionation of Jerusalem artichoke inulin into various products (a composite of work by Aravina etal., 2001 Barta, 1993 Jietal., 2002 Vogel, 1993). Abbreviations dp = degree of polymerization scFOC = short-chain fructooligosaccharides. 

To make flour, Jerusalem artichoke tubers are macerated, heated, and spray-dried. In the process, inulin is hydrolyzed to short-chain fructooligosaccharides (Yamazaki et al., 1989). Jerusalem artichoke flour is also used to supplement animal feed. In one study, the composition of a typical Jerusalem artichoke flour was 2.1% (of dry weight) nitrogen, 16.2% insoluble fiber, 4.2% ash, and 77.5% soluble carbohydrate. The carbohydrate comprised fructans with degrees of polymerization of 1 to 2 (33.3%), 3 to 4 (46.4%), and over 5 (20.3%) (Famworth et al., 1993). 

Fructans and fructose extracts, which can potentially be obtained from Jerusalem artichoke, have become attractive to industry for a number of food and nonfood applications because of their health benefits (e.g., Fleming and GrootWassink, 1979 Fontana et al., 1993 Fuchs, 1993 Roberfroid, 2005). Short-chain fructooligosaccharides (degree of polymerization of 2 to 5), for example, are increasingly used as low-calorie sweeteners in processed foods, and their utilization is anticipated to expand significantly in the future. 

Inulin and fructooligosaccharides are more effective at lowering serum levels of lipids (triglycerides) than cholesterol, with inulin more effective than short-chain fructooligosaccharides in... 

Luo, J., Rizkalla, S.W., Alamowitch, C., Boussairi, A., Blayo, A., Barry, J.L., Laffitte, A., Guyon, F., Bomet, F.R., and Slama, G., Chronic consumption of short-chain fructooligosaccharides by healthy subjects decreased basal hepatic glucose production but had no effect on insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 63, 939-945, 1996. 

Pierre, F., Perrin, R, Champ, M., Bomet, E, Khaled, M., and Menanteau, J., Short-chain fructooligosaccharides reduce the occurrence of colon tumors and develop gut-associated lymphoid tissue in Min mice, Cancer Res., 57, 225-228, 1997. 

Short chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS same as the kestose group discussed in the section above) can be prepared in vitro from the reaction of a microbial fmctosyltransferase on sucrose. Up to 3-5 degrees of polymerization can be formed. These products have been studied extensively as prebiotic nutraceuticals [44]. 

Whelan K, Judd PA, Preedy VR, Simmering R, Jann A, Taylor MA. Fructooligosaccharides and fiber partially prevent the alterations in fecal microbiota and short-chain fatty acid concentrations caused by standard enteral formula in healthy humans. / Nutr. 2005 135 1896-1902. 

Luo J, Van Yperselle M, Rizkalla SW, Rossi F, Bomet FR, Slama G. Chronic consumption of short-chain fructooligosaccharides does not affect basal hepatic glucose production or insulin resistance in type 2 diabetics. / Nutr. 2000 130(6) 15 —1577. 

Figure 10.254 HPAE-PAD profile of short-chain galactooligosaccharides and long-chain fructooligosaccharides. Separator column Car-boPac PA100 column dimensions 250 mm X...

Borromei, C., Cavazza, A., Merusi, C. and Corradini, C. (2009) Characterization and quantitation of short-chain fructooligosaccharides and inulooligosaccharides in fermented milks by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. J. Sep. Set, 32, 3635-3642. 

Bornet FRJ, Brouns F, Tashiro Y, and Duvillier V (2002) Nutritional aspects of short-chain fructooligosaccharides natural occurrence, chemistry, physiology and health implications. Digestive and Liver Disease 34(supplement 2) S111-S120. Champ M, Langkilde A-M, Brouns F, Kettlitz B, and Collet YL (2003) Advances in dietary fibre characterisation. 1. Defini-... 

Ducros, V., Arnaud, J., Tahiri, M., Coudray, C., Bornet, F., Bouteloup-Demange, C., Brouns, F., Rayssiguier, Y. Roussel, M. (2005). Influence of short-chain fructooligosaccharides (sc-FOS) on absorption of Cu, Zn, and Se in healthy postmenopausal women. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 24, 30-37. 

A.L. (2007) Dietary supplementation of short-chain fructooligosaccharides influences gastrointestinal microbiota composition and immunity characteristics of pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, cultured in a recirculating system. 

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