From beech

Fig. 7 Stabilization effect of various xylan types isolated from beech wood (GXl and GX2), corn cobs (AGXl), rye bran (AXRl and AXR3), and corn hulls (AXCl and AXC2) on the protein (BSA) foam against thermal disruption foam volume before (V1) and after (V2) heating at 95 °C for 3 min [128]...

Fig. 8 Immunostimulatory activity of MGX from beech wood (BwGX), Rudbeckia fulgida (RudGX), Altheae officinalis (AltGX), and Mahonia aquifolium (MahGX) [146] a Mitogenic activity, SImit and b comitogenic activity, Skomit...

Xylans from beech wood, corncobs, and the alkaline steeping liquor of the viscose process have been shown to be applicable as pharmaceutical auxiliaries [3]. Micro- and nanoparticles were prepared by a coacervation method from xylan isolated from corncobs [150]. The process is based on neutralization of an alkaline solution in the presence of surfactant, which was shown to influence both the particle size and morphology. They are aimed at applications in drug delivery systems. 

Hult M, BengtssonB, LarssonNP-O, Yang C. Particle induced x-ray emission microanalysis of root samples from beech (Fagus sylvatica). Scanning Microsc 1992 6 581-590. 

Felby, C., Nielsen, B.R., Olesen, P.O. and Skibsted, L.H. (1997b). Identification and quantification of radical reaction intermediates by electron spin resonance spectrometry of laccase-catalyzed oxidation of wood fibres from beech (Fagus sylvatica). Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 48(4), 459 64. 

Sudo, K., Shimizu, K. and Sakurai, K. (1985). Characterization of steamed wood lignin from beech wood. Holzforschung, 39(5), 281-288. 

Pyrolysis oil (bio-oil) is produced in fast and flash pyrolysis processes and can be used for indirect co-firing for power production in conventional power plants and potentially as a high energy density intermediate for the final production of chemicals and/or transportation fuels. Gas chromatographic analysis of the liqtrid fraction of pyrolysis products from beech wood is given in Table 3.6 (Demirbas, 2007). Biocmde resrrlts from severe hydrothermal upgrading (HTU) of relatively wet biomass and potentially can be used for the production of materials, chemicals,... 

Figure 6. Chromatograms of the hydrolysates of a-cellulose from beech-wood and holocellulose from sprucewood...

Isolation and characterization of lignin structures Hydrolysis and separation. Mild hydrolysis has previously been used for the structural analysis of both softwood and hardwood lignins (10 -14). About 20% of the lignin was liberated from spruce wood and 40% of the lignin from beech wood by percolation of finely ground wood meal with water at 100 °C for several weeks (72). Such a mild hydrolytic treatment can be expected to lead to the rupture of only... 

The identification of pinoresinol units in lignins by ozonation has been studied by Matsumoto et al. (1989). They found that peaks at 82 and 83 ppm are unique in the C-13 NMR spectrum of the ozonation product mixture from pinoresinol (19). These peaks could not be detected in the ozonation products from beech, spruce, or eucalyptus MWL, although they were prominent at spiking levels as low as 0.03 unit of pinoresinol ozonation product per C6C, unit of lignin substrate. 

Figure 7.43. SIMS analysis of lignin, the second most abundant biopolymer in nature, following cellulose. Shown is the phenylpropane subunits and a structural model of softwood Ugnin (top). The secondary-ion mass spectra of pine (softwood) and beech (hardwood) milled wood Ugnin (MWL, a solvent-extracted form of Ugnin from beech wood) are also shown (bottom). Reproduced with permission from Saito, K. Kato, T. Tsuji, Y. Fukushima, TL. Biomacromolecules 2005, 6,678. Copyright 2005 American Chemical Society.

In preparing compositions use is made of organic and mineral fillers. The most important organic filler is bleached wood pulp. The pulp fiber length depends on the type of wood thus, pulp produced from beech has 1 mm-long fibers, whilst that obtained from conifers -3 mm-long fibers. 

Patterns.— Figs. 4 and 5 are simple examples and may be cast in one box. Patterns are first made in wood. Fig. 4 from i in. walnut, and Fig. 6 turned from beech, and both are arranged to taper smaller away from the joint face. All surfaces are nicely finished, and the whole coated with shellac varnish, made by... 

With similar parent material (monzonitic granite) in Mont Lozere, France, the calcium flux was found to be almost 4 times greater from spruce forest (11 kgha yr ) than from beech thicket (3 kg ha yr ) (Lelong et al., 1990). Grassland... 

Guaiacol derives its name from the fact that it is obtained by the distillation of a resin known as guaiac. It is also similarly obtained from beech wood. It yields a neutral ester with carbonic acid. 

Samples from beech wood as well as from biomass components have been investigated using the same crucibles as for the temperature calibration. Microciystallinc cellulose (Avicel, Merck) lignin (Oiganosolv, Aldrich), and xylan... 

The origin of plastic has more influence on the distribution of products of biomass / plastic co-pyrolysis. According to Table 3 the yield of light liquids from beech-wood / plastic mixtures (1 2 weight ratio) was decreased in the following sequence isotactic-polypropylene > atactic-polypropylene > polyethylene, whilst the yield of heavy liquids was increased in the same order,... 

ENEL2 produced by ENEL (Bastardo pl t, IT), from beech wood... 

Table 7.7.2. Chemical constituents of the pyroly sate of holocellulose (A), a xylan fraction (B), and technical xylan (C) from beech wood [64], (The origin from lignin of certain compounds is also indicated in the table.)...

Methyl-2-cyclopentene-2-ol-l-one (MCP trade name Cyclotene Fig. 3.55) is an enhancer of nutty and chocolate odour impressions (see Tab. 3.46). MCP has been isolated from beech wood tar and identified in various foods (e.g. maple syrup). It is formed when sugars are heated at pH 8-10 (Fig. 3.64) and it has a caramel-like odour. Typical usage levels in selected foods are shown in Tab. 3.52. MCP has also been reported to mask the salty taste impression (10-20 ppm MCP mask 1-2 % of salt) [19]. 3-Ethyl-2-cyclopentene-2-ol-l-one (ECP Eig. 3.61) may be used to replace MCP. 

TARS Tars, Pyrolea, are obtained by dry distillation of various trees. Thus, Betulae pyroleum is obtained by dry distillation of birch wood and Fa i pyroleum from beech wood. These tars are ingredients in ointments for local treatment of psoriasis. 

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