Fourier transform infrared Raman spectroscopy

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is the most popular method for determining the imidization process in the solid state and identifying specific substituents on the macromolecular backbone (e.g., CN, SO3H, CO, SO2).131 A method for calculating the diermal imidization extent based on FTIR data has been reported by Pride.132 Raman spectroscopy was used on the model study of PMDA-ODA condensation, and the possible formation of an inline bond by reaction of an amino group with an imide carboxyle was evidenced.133... 

A rate enhancement effect due to secondary nucleation has been identified in the solution-mediated transformation of the 7-phase of (i)-glutamic acid to its / -phase [82]. In this study, the kinetics of the polymorphic transition were studied using optical microscopy combined with Fourier transform infrared, Raman, and ultraviolet absorption spectroscopies. The crystallization process of n-hexatriacontane was investigated using micro-IR methodology, where it was confirmed that single... 

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy An analytical method that uses infrared radiation to investigate the chemical characteristics of a sample. This method may be used to identify the valence states of arsenic on adsorbents and bonds between arsenic and other elements (e.g. (Goldberg and Johnston, 2001)) (compare with Raman spectroscopy). 

Metal oxides have surface sites which are acidic, basic, or both and these characteristics control important properties such as lubrication, adhesion, and corrosion. Some of the newer infrared techniques such as lazer-Raman and Fourier transform infrared reflection spectroscopy are important tools for assessing just how organic acids and bases interact with the oxide films on metal surfaces. Illustrations are given for the adsorption of acidic organic species onto aluminum or iron surfaces, using Fourier transform infrared reflection spectroscopy. 

Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as well as Raman spectroscopy are well established as methods for structural analysis of compounds in solution or when adsorbed to surfaces or in any other state. Analysis of the spectra provides information of qualitative as well as of quantitative nature. Very recent developments, FTIR imaging spectroscopy as well as Raman mapping spectroscopy, provide important information leading to the development of novel materials. If applied under optical near-field conditions, these new technologies combine lateral resolution down to the size of nanoparticles with the high chemical selectivity of a FTIR or Raman spectrum. These techniques now help us obtain information on molecular order and molecular orientation and conformation [1],... 

Recently, Fourier transform (FT)-Raman spectroscopy has been reintroduced to deal with the problem of strongly fluorescing organic compounds. The instrument, illustrated in Figure 2, uses the 1.064 pm near-infrared line of a Nd YAG laser for... 

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy have also been used to authenticate polyanhydride structures. Aliphatic polymers absorb at 1740 and 1810 cm while aromatic polymers absorb at 1720 and 1780 cm All the polyanhydrides show methylene bands because of deformation, stretching, rocking, and twisting. Aside from being used to ascertain polyanhydride structures, these techniques can be used to determine degradation progress, by monitoring the area of carboxylic acid peak (1770-1675 cm ) with respect to the characteristic anhydride peaks over time. 

VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY Infrared and Raman spectroscopies have proven to be useful techniques for studying the interactions of ions with surfaces. Direct evidence for inner-sphere surface complex formation of metal and metalloid anions has come from vibrational spectroscopic characterization. Both Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies are capable of examining ion adsorption in wet systems. Chromate (Hsia et al., 1993) and arsenate (Hsia et al., 1994) were found to adsorb specifically on hydrous iron oxide using FTIR spectroscopy. Raman and FTIR spectroscopic studies of arsenic adsorption indicated inner-sphere surface complexes for arsenate and arsenite on amorphous iron oxide, inner-sphere and outer-sphere surface complexes for arsenite on amorphous iron oxide, and outer-sphere surface complexes for arsenite on amorphous aluminum oxide (Goldberg and Johnston, 2001). These surface configurations were used to constrain the surface complexes in application of the constant capacitance and triple layer models (Goldberg and Johnston, 2001). 

Metal oxide and hydroxide systems serve many functions, including roles as pigments, in mineralogy, and also in catalysis. The classic techniques used in such investigations have included diffraction (especially X-ray diffraction XRD), thermal analysis, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy (see also Chapters 2 and 4). Until the introduction of voltammetry in the analysis of immobilized microparticles, electrochemical studies had been confined to solid electrolyte cells (Chapter 12), normally functioning at elevated temperatures. Unfortunately, these studies proved to be inapplicable for analytical characterization, and consequently a series of systematic studies was undertaken using immobilized microparticles of iron oxides and oxide-hydrates (for reviews, see... 

Infrared and Raman Spectra of Hydroxyapatite Coatings 7.2.3.1 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy... 

Infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy are the most important spectroscopic methods for analyzing coating materials. Near infrared Fourier transform (NIRFT) Raman spectroscopy [10.8] also has great potential, particularly for aqueous systems. UV/VIS spectroscopy is used only in exceptional cases, e.g., to determine light protection agents (UV absorbers). 

As is evident from the various results discussed above, there is no general consensus regarding the location of titanium inside the MFI structure, notwithstanding more than a decade of research on this question. To characterize TS-1 and determine the titanium location, UV—vis, Raman, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, EXAFS analysis. X-ray and neutron diffraction, and ah initio DFT calculations have aU been used. Some of the analytical difficulties encountered are associated with properties inherent to titanium, and the situation is better when the heteroatom has a higher atomic number such as tin. In this case, characterization techniques that depend strongly on the atomic number such as EXAFS analysis can be used to precisely define the site in the framework that is occupied by the heteroatom (see Section 2.4). 

Samples were characterized by using X-n diffiaction (XRD) on a Shimadzu XRD-6000 diffractometer (CuKa radiation), physical adsorption of nitrogen on a Quantachrome NOVA 1000, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy on a Biorad spectrometer using the KBr method, Raman spectroscopy on a Bniker FRA I06/S FT-Raman spectrometer, and scarming electron microscopy (SEM) on a Joel JSM-S600LV. 

Functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were prepared by acid treatment followed by reaction with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. Reaction of silane with oxidized nanotubes was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis to confirm silicon on the surface of the MWNTs. Raman spectroscopy of the acid-treated MWNTs confirmed formation of surface defects due to carboxyl... 

Characterization of Lignin. Lignin is characterized in the solid state by Fourier transform infrared (ftir) spectroscopy, uv microscopy, interference microscopy, cross polarization/magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (cp/mas nmr) spectroscopy, photoacoustic spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy. 

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