Scaffold architecture

Lee, M.L. Schneider, G. (2001) Scaffold Architecture and Pharmacophoric Properties of Natural Products and Trade Drugs Application in the Design of Natural Product-Based Combinatorial Libraries. Journal of Combinatorial Chemistry, 3, 284-289. 

Lee ML, Schneider GJ. (2001) Scaffold architecture and pharmaco-phoric properties of natural products and trade drugs Application in the design of natural product-based combinatorial libraries. Comb Chem 3 284-289. 

An advantage of the divergent method - which was the first to be developed [1] - is the attainable high-molecular (nano)scaffold architecture as well as the possibility of automation of the repetitive steps. The divergent method is therefore the method of choice for - commercially available - POP AM and PAMAM dendrimers (see Section 4.1). 

Fig. 2 Scaffold architecture affects cell binding and spreading. The examples were obtained by (a) phase separation/leaching combination and (b-d) electrospinning. Porosity data was roughly estimated note that classic nanofiber structure is <100 nm, but here is <1000 nm, as found commonly in biomedicine. Scale bars (a) 500 pm, (b-d) 10 pm. Top row. adapted from [12] bottom row. reprinted, with permission, from [47] copyright (2004) Elsevier [48] copyright (2010) Wiley-VCH...

Chitosan microspheres are also combined with porous scaffold for the delivery of stem cells with high efficiency [171]. ADSCs are not only able to attach and infiltrate into the pores of the microspheres, but can also maintain multipotency after being released from the microspheres and into a collagen gel scaffold. This investigation provides a new approach for incorporation of stem-cell-loaded microspheres into suitable scaffolding architecture and for construction of tissue-engineered composite biomaterials. 

Woo, K.M., V.J. Chen, and P.X. Ma, Nano-fibrous scaffolding architecture selectively enhances protein adsorption contributing to cell attachment. / Biomed. Mater. Res., 2003,67A 531-7. 

C.G. Jeong, S.J. Hollister, A comparison of the influence of material on in vitro cartilage tissue engineering with PCL, PGS, and POC 3D scaffold architecture seeded with chondrocytes. Biomaterials 31 (2010) 4304-4312. 

First, a 3D stmcture is designed using CAD software. Data obtained from computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) medical scans can be used to create a customized CAD model. This CAD model is then expressed in a series of cross-sectional layers. The complex scaffold architecture must be built using layer-by-layer (LBL) manufacturing processes known collectively as solid free-form fabrication (SFF). 

Fig. 6 Scaffold Architecture Versus Cell Binding The inherent benefit of utihzing a nano-fibrous scaffold architecture (C) is increased surface area for protein absorption as well as enhanced cell-ECM interactions via cell-membrane receptors. Microscale architecture (A,B) is not as effective in this sense. From Exploring and Engineering the CeU Surface Interface by M.M. Stevens and J.H. George, 2005. Science, 310, p. 1135. Copyright 2005 byAAAS.

Marcos-Campos, L, Marolt, D., Petridis, P., Bhumiratana, S., Schmidt, D., Vunjak-Novakovic, G., 2012. Bone scaffold architecture modulates the development of mineralized bone matrix by human embryonic stem cells. Biomaterials 33, 8329-8342. 

Bettahalli NMS. Membrane supported scaffold architectures for tissue engineering. Enschede, The Netherlands University of Twente 2011 [Ph.D. thesis]. 

Fromstein, J.D., Zandstra, P.W., Alperin, C., Rockwood, D., Rabolt, J.F., Woodhouse, K.A., 2008. Seeding bioreactor-produced embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes on different porous, degradable, polyurethane scaffolds reveals the effect of scaffold architecture on cell morphology. Tissue Engineering Part A 14, 369-378. 

I. Zein, D.W. Hutmacher, K.C. Tan, S.H. Teoh, Fused deposition modeling of novel scaffold architectures for tissue engineering apphcations. Biomaterials 23 (4) (2002) 1169—1185. 

Scaffold architecture Scaffold architecture plays a key role in tissue repair, as it prevents stmctural collapse of the tissue defect. Simultaneously, a certain degree of porosity is required for nutrient or metahohte exchange and tissue ingrowth. In addition, pore size and surface area determine the extent of cell adhesion. Small pores prevent cell colonization on the scaffolds, whereas larger pores result in a low surface area and a low ligand density for cell binding. ... 

DP has been used with several polyesters, although the liquid binder (usually chloroform) can lead to toxicity after implantation. The versatility of 3DP makes it adaptable for the SFF of natural polymers, biomolecules, and even cells.3DP is relatively faster and less expensive than other technologies, but the presence of loose powder is problematic during the fabrication of porous scaffolds and requires further cleaning steps.In addition, the inkjet printhead accuracy and the nozzle size limit the resolution of the scaffold architecture. " ... 

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