Field mapping

In the thermochromic liquid crystal (TLC) the dominant reflected wavelength is temperature-dependent and it has been employed for full-field mapping of temperature fields for over three decades. Although it is non-intrusive and cost effective, there are some problems in applying it to micro-scale measurements, because of size (typically tens of micrometers) and time response (from a few milliseconds to several hundred milliseconds depending on the material and the form). Examples of application are micro-fabricated systems (Chaudhari et al. 1998 Liu et al. 2002) and electronic components (Azar et al. 1991). 

Overlaps between spectra. If the distribution of targets in the field maps directly to the detector, as in a multisht system, the spectmm of one object may overlap that of another, leading to a restriction in the maximum surface density of targets which may be observed simultaneously. It is also... 

Estimation of Mixing Efficiency by Flow-field Mapping... 

Tyner, K. M., Kopelman, R. and Philbert, M. A. (2007). Nanosized voltmeter enables cellular-wide electric field mapping. Biophys. J. 93, 1163-74. 

Figure 7. Pressure field map for the same house as shown in Figure 6. The probe depth code is the same as for Figure 6. The numbers show the pressure decrease at each probe measured with respect to atmospheric pressure induced by a pressure difference in the basement of -34 Pa.

Yang, K. Katehi, L. P. B. Whitaker, J. F., Electric field mapping system using an optical fiber based electrooptic probe, IEEE Microw. Wireless Comp. Lett. 2001, 11, 164 166... 

Figure 12.3 Rigid and flexible molecular interaction field maps with the hydrogen probe in the active-site cavity for CYP2C9 and UCT2B7 enzymes. It is worth noting that, with flexible side chains, the overall cavity volume changes considerably. This demonstrates the important role played by MIF-flexibility calculations in enzyme-substrate recognition.

Figure 2. The histogram is the distribution of OH stretch frequencies for the water clusters and surrounding point charges, and the solid line is the distribution of frequencies from the quadratic electric field map.

A number of researchers [15, 38 40, 43, 113, 124 126, 128, 146] have used mixed quantum/classical models, mostly as described in Section III.A, to calculate vibrational line shapes for this system, and several are in fair agreement with experiment. Here we describe our latest work involving approaches discussed in Section III.C. Our theoretical line shapes are calculated as briefly described in previous sections and in published work [98]. From an MD simulation of SPC/E heavy water, we determine the electric field on each putative H atom. We then use electric field maps to determine the transition frequency and dipole derivative. The orientational contribution to mp(t) we... 

IR and Raman line shapes have been measured for H0D/H20. They peak near 2500 cm 1 and have line widths in the 160 to 180 cm 1 range. Corcelli et al. [151] calculated these line shapes using the approaches described in Section III.C, for the SPC/FQ model, for temperatures of 10 90°C, finding quite good agreement with experiment. More recently, we have extended the method involving the quadratic electric field map for HOD/D20 [98] to HOD/H20 [52] and have calculated IR and unpolarized Raman line shapes. These line shapes, in comparison with experimental line shapes [12, 52], are shown in Fig. 7. Agreement between theory and experiment is excellent for both the IR and Raman. 

These authors also reported theoretical calculations of this frequency-dependent rotational relaxation. The theory of Auer et al. [98] using the quadratic electric field map, originally developed for HOD/D2O, was extended to the H0D/H20 system [52]. As before [38], the orientation TCF was calculated for those molecules within specified narrow-frequency windows (those selected in the experiment) at t = 0. TCFs for selected frequency windows, up to 500 fs, are shown in Fig. 8. One sees that in all cases there is a very rapid decay, in well under 50 fs, followed by a pronounced oscillation. The period of this oscillation appears to be between about 50 and 80 fs, which corresponds most likely to underdamped librational motion [154]. Indeed, the period is clearly longer on the blue side, consistent with the idea of a weaker H bond and hence weaker restraining potential. At 100 fs the values of the TCFs show the same trend as in experiment, although the theoretical TCF loses... 

In the Bonaparte Lake area of south-central BC, samples of outer bark from Engelmann spruce and lodgepole pine were collected on an opportunistic basis during the course of field mapping. Consequently, the sample distribution was uneven, but expedient and sufficient to... 

Allan, J.A. 1914. Geology of field map-area, B.C. and Alberta. Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 55, Ottawa, ON. 

Comparing the kinematic characteristics of the ductile shear zone and main fault zone in the mining area, there is a genetic relationship. Field mapping reveals that there was another intrusive episode after the ore-bearing granite was emplaced. It... 

Figure 6.4 Velocity vector field map of (a) low-soot case with dual injection and (6) high-soot case with dual injection, measured in a cold flow using PIV...

Fig. 7.4 Structure field map For A,BO< compounds as a function of cation size. Note that only the more common structures are plotted. Each point on this plot represents at least one compound having the indicated structure and size of cations A(rA) and B(ra). IFrom Muller, O. Roy, R. The Major Ternary Structural Families Springer-Verlag New York, 1974 Reproduced with permission. ...

Mark the sample identifier on the Kraft paper bag using permanent ink marker. Mark the exact site location of the first and last subsamples on the field map by means of a small lines perpendicular to the stream flow. Complete the details of the field observation sheet. 

The procedure for the selection of sample sites, recording their location on the field map, completion of field observation sheets, wearing of rubber gloves, etc. are the same as for the wet sieving sampling method (refer to Section 3.2.3.1). 

Mark the sampling site on the field map and complete the field observation sheet after studing the organic layer. 

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