Foods phosphate

Imitation dairy food Phosphate type Function... 

Food phosphates Industrial phosphates Detergent phosphates Pharmaceuticals... 

Phosphate is better used when supplied by food than when supplied by phosphate salts, such as potassium phosphate. The food phosphate occurs largely as phosphate esters and, with gradual hydrolysis, enters the body relatively slowly and is used efficiently in the metabolic processes. Phosphate supplied as inorganic phosphate is rapidly absorbed, with a tendency to be excreted in the urine rather than to be used by tissues (Schuette and Linkswilcr, 1962). The phosphate in bran occurs largely in the form of phytic acid (inositol hexaphosphate). The phosphate groups of fhis compound may be only partially hydrolyzed in the gut- Phytic acid tends to be excreted via the fecal route as a complex with iron or calcium. 

Nitrate 10 ppm 10 ppm nitrogenous fertilizer, fertilizing mixing, paper mills, canned foods, phosphate fortilizets... 

Orthophosphoric acid, H3PO4, lies at the start of the main commercial route to all manufactured phosphorus compounds (Figure 12.1). Furnace acid is used mostly for food phosphate production while both furnace acid and purified wet process acid are used for detergent phosphate manufacture. The acid itself has many direct applications, which are discnssed below. 

Phosphorus compounds are very important as fertilizers (world use 1976/77 27-3 megatonnes as P2O5) but are widely used in matches, pesticides, special glasses and china ware, alloys (sleels. phosphor bronze), and metal treating (10%), detergents (40%), electrical components (e.g. GaP), foods and drinks (15%). Phosphates are an essential constituent of living organisms. U.S. production of phosphorus 1982 372 000 tonnes. 

The FCC is to food-additive chemicals what the USP—NF is to dmgs. In fact, many chemicals that are used in dmgs also are food additives (qv) and thus may have monographs in both the USP—NF and in the FCC. Examples of food-additive chemicals are ascorbic acid [50-81-7] (see Vitamins), butylated hydroxytoluene [128-37-0] (BHT) (see Antioxidants), calcium chloride [10043-52-4] (see Calcium compounds), ethyl vanillin [121-32-4] (see Vanillin), ferrous fumarate [7705-12-6] and ferrous sulfate [7720-78-7] (see Iron compounds), niacin [59-67-6] sodium chloride [7647-14-5] sodium hydroxide [1310-73-2] (see lkaliand cm ORiNE products), sodium phosphate dibasic [7558-79-4] (see Phosphoric acids and phosphates), spearmint oil [8008-79-5] (see Oils, essential), tartaric acid [133-37-9] (see Hydroxy dicarboxylic acids), tragacanth [9000-65-1] (see Gums), and vitamin A [11103-57-4]. 

Phosphoric Acid. The only inorganic acid used for food appkeations is phosphoric acid [7664-38-2] H PO, which is second only to citric acid in popularity. The primary use of phosphoric acid is in carbonated beverages, especially root beer and cola. It is also used for its leavening, emulsification, nutritive enhancement, water binding, and antimicrobial properties. Eood-grade phosphoric acid is produced by the furnace method. Elemental phosphoms is burned to yield phosphoms pentoxide which is then reacted with water to produce phosphoric acid (see Phosphoric acid and the phosphates) (12). 

In internal or bulk settiag, which is normally carried out at room temperature, the calcium is released uader coatroUed coaditioas from within the system. This method led to the developmeat of stmctured fmits, stmctured pet foods, and a host of cold prepared desserts. Calcium sulfate (usually as the dihydrate) and dicalcium phosphate (calcium hydrogen orthophosphate) are the sources of calcium most commonly used. 

Uses. The principal use of monosodium phosphate is as a water-soluble soHd acid and pH buffer, primarily in acid-type cleaners. The double salt, NaH2P04 H PO, referred to as hemisodium orthophosphate or sodium hemiphosphate, is often generated in situ from monosodium phosphate and phosphoric acid in these types of formulations. Mixtures of mono- and disodium phosphates are used in textile processing, food manufacture, and other industries to control pH at 4—9. Monosodium phosphate is also used in boiler-water treatment, as a precipitant for polyvalent metal ions, and as an animal-feed supplement. 

Calcium Phosphates. The alkaline-earth phosphates are generally much less soluble than those of the alkaH metals. Calcium phosphates include the most abundant natural form of phosphoms, ie, apatites, Ca2Q(P0 3X2, where X = OH, F, Cl, etc. Apatite ores are the predominant basic raw material for the production of phosphoms and its derivatives. Calcium phosphates are the main component of bones and teeth. After sodium phosphates, the calcium salts are the next largest volume technical- and food-grade phosphates. Many commercial appHcations of the calcium phosphates depend on thek low solubiHties. 

Alkali Meta.IPhospha.tes, A significant proportion of the phosphoric acid consumed in the manufacture of industrial, food, and pharmaceutical phosphates in the United States is used for the production of sodium salts. Alkali metal orthophosphates generally exhibit congment solubility and are therefore usually manufactured by either crystallisation from solution or drying of the entire reaction mass. Alkaline-earth and other phosphate salts of polyvalent cations typically exhibit incongment solubility and are prepared either by precipitation from solution having a metal oxide/P20 ratio considerably lower than that of the product, or by drying a solution or slurry with the proper metal oxide/P20 ratio. 

About 264,000 metric tons of elemental capacity is available in North America, plus another 79,000 t (P equivalent) of purified wet phosphoric acid (14). About 85% of the elemental P is burned to P2 5 hydrated to phosphoric acid. Part of the acid (ca 21%) is used direcdy, but the biggest part is converted to phosphate compounds. Sodium phosphates account for 47% calcium, potassium, and ammonium phosphates account for 17%. Pinal apphcations include home laundry and automatic dishwasher detergents, industrial and institutional cleaners, food and beverages, metal cleaning and treatment, potable water and wastewater treatment, antifree2e, and electronics. The purified wet acid serves the same markets. 

Starch monophosphates are quite useful in foods because of their superior freeze—thaw stabiUty. As thickeners in frozen gravy and frozen cream pie preparations, they are preferred to other starches. A pregelatinized starch phosphate has been developed (131) which is dispersible in cold water, for use in instant dessert powders and icings and nonfood uses such as core binders for metal molds, in papermaking to improve fold strength and surface characteristics, as a textile size, in aluminum refining, and as a detergent builder. 

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