Foods as fuels

Thus we see that the food you eat, if converted with 100% efficiency to electricity, would only provide about -100 W per day, or the amount of power in a large light bulb. Considering that each person uses 11.1 RW of energy as a part of their daily lifestyle, we can see that food as fuel has large challenges to sustain our society. Thus, we need to looR to biomass, not just food, as energy sources. 

Energy is the ability to do work. The work can be done by man nr machine the fuel to do the work can come from food or fuel. Flumans often have a choice of whether or not to continue to develop technology that replaces the work of man as well as do other types of work that man is not capable of doing. Flistorically, the choice has been almost always to embrace technology, driving the steady increase in demand for energy. 

For example trace elements in milk powder are not consumed as milk, and moisture in transformer oil is not used in transformers, yet matrix reference materials based on milk are imported as food and are subject to health certification requirements and sometimes import quotas. Likewise a matrix based on oil is identified as fuel or lubricating oil and is both classified as a hazardous material and subject to mineral oil tax. These problems arise because RMs are frequently incorrectly classified by specific title of their matrix (as Reference Material of Trace Elements in Rice is classified as rice) and not as reference material which is the intended use. 

Calories consumed in food are used by the body as fuel. The body s use of calories as its source of energy is called thermogenesis. Literally, thermogenesis means the production of heat because when people burn calories, heat is produced. The body needs a constant supply of fuel to maintain normal functions that people don t usually think about, like breathing. 

After food is eaten, it is digested in the stomach. The digested nutrients from food are absorbed, mainly in the intestines, into the bloodstream and are used as fuel for the body. When people eat more food than they need, the body stores the extra nutrients as fat, which accounts for weight gain. 

From the earliest times man depended upon nature for polymeric materials like wood as fuel, furs and fibres as clothing, grain and flesh as food. Many polymeric materials behave as plastics, i.e., in some stage of their fabrication they are soft and putty like and can be moulded into any desired shape and then set to retain that shape. 

Starch and fatty acids are the main food constituents of biomass. Sugar is derived from starch by hydrolysis or directly by extraction from sugar cane or beet. Fermentation converts sugars into alcohol that can be directly used as fuel, or in principle can be used as the raw material of a bioreftnery plant for further upgrading. Triglycerides, derived from oil seeds, are used to be converted into biodiesel through transesterification processes (Fig. 1.14). 

Organic compounds are used in a wide variety of applications all around you. If you want to prepare for your Unit 1 Issue, research the use of organic compounds as fuel, medicines, and food additives. 

Hydrocarbons are used as fuels and as the basic source of many other chemical compounds. The production of coke from coal also produces by-products known as coal-tars, which are used in the pharmaceutical, dye, food, and other industries. The refining of crude oil produces gasoline and many other fractions of the crude oil as well as petrochemical by-products. The range of useful products we derive from crude oil is very broad. These products not only power our automobiles, trucks, trains, and planes, but also provide the base for many of our medicines, foods, and numerous other essential products. (See the section of the book titled Atomic Structure for more on the chemistry of hydrocarbons.)... 

The list of plants, by-products and waste materials that can potentially be used as feedstock is almost endless. Major resources in biomass include agricultural crops and their waste by-products, lignocellulosic products such as wood and wood waste, waste from food processing and aquatic plants and algae and effluents produced in the human habitat. Moderately dried wastes such as wood residue, wood scrap and urban garbage can be directly burned as fuel. Energy from water-containing biomass... 

Koptur, S. 2005. Nectar as fuel for plant protectors. In Plant-Provided Food for Carnivorous Insects A Protective Mutualism and Its Applications (Wackers, F. L., van Rijn, P. C. J. and Bruin, J., eds), pp. 75-108. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. 

Our consumption of food and the burning of biomass (such as wood) are part of the natural cycles of the earth (and because they are consumed food and fuel do not need to be durable). So too, in a more extended way, is our use of natural materials to build the world. Materials such as cotton and wool, wood and metal are liable to decay or corrode, even if they are part of artefacts. When we stop actively protecting these materials by keeping them dry or cleaning, natural processes take hold and the materials are returned to natural cycles. 

Caloric values of foods (physiological fuel values) are enthalpies of combustion but with an opposite sign, (-AH ), and corrected for energy lost in urine (e.g., as urea) and feces. While enthalpies of combustion of foods are all negative, the caloric values are given as positive numbers. Caloric values for proteins are... 

Lignin [9005-53-2] - [CHEMURGY] (Vol 5) -as dietary fiber [DIETARY FIBER] (Vol 8) -as food additive pOOD ADDITIVES] (Vol 11) -as fuel pUELS FROM WASTE] (Vol 12) -removal by bleaching pLEACHING AGENTS - PULP AND PAPER] (Vol 4) -m whiskey pEVERAGE SPIRITS DISTILLED] (Vol 4)... 

Because energy underlies all chemical change, thermodynamics—the study of the transformations of energy—is central to chemistry. Thermodynamics explains why reactions occur at all. It also lets us predict the heat released or required by chemical reactions. Heat output is an essential part of assessing the usefulness of compounds as fuels and foods, and the first law of thermodynamics allows us to discuss these topics systematically. The material in this chapter provides the foundation for the following chapters, in particular Chapter 7, which deals with the driving force of chemical reactions—why they occur and in which direction they can be expected to go. 

---