Food oral sensitivities

Atkinson, H.A.C., Johnson, I.T., Gee, J.M., Grigoriadou, F. and Miller, K., Brown Norway rat model of food allergy Effect of plant components on the development of oral sensitization. Food Chem. Toxic., 34, 27, 1996. 

Knippels, L.M.J., van der Kleij, H.P.M., Koppelman, S.J., Houben, G.F., Penninks, A.H., Felius, A.A., Comparison of antibody responses to hens egg and cows milk proteins in orally sensitized rats and food-allergic patients. Allergy, 55, 251, 2000. 

A murine model of food-induced atopic dermatitis confirmed the important role of specific T cells in eczema here, C3H/HeJ mice were orally sensitized to cow s milk or peanut and thereafter exposed to the allergen. An eczematous eruption developed in approximately one third of mice after low-grade exposure to milk or peanut proteins. Histological examination of lesional skin revealed spongiosis and a cellular infiltrate mainly consisting of CD4-I- lymphocytes. 

With respect to oral sensitization, attempts have been made to develop animal models of food allergy, which so far has proven to be complicated. One crucial point is the route of exposure experience indicates that it may not be possible to develop an animal model, which rnirnics the human sensitization via the oral route. Exposure via the diet or in drinking water appears in rodents to be more likely to cause immunological hyporesponsiveness (i.e., tolerance) than sensitization, and therefore it may be necessary to use parenteral induction in animal testing (Dearman and Kimber 2007). 

Spanhaak, S. and Penninks, A.H. (1999) An oral sensitization model in Brown Norway rats to screen for potential allergenicity of food proteins. Methods (San Diego, Calif), 19, 78-82. 

As the BN rat has an atopic-like phenotype, which might result in relatively high IgE antibody production, the BN was considered to be a promising species for the development of an oral feeding protocol. Various approaches with BN rats have been described using different routes and duration of exposure and in the presence or absence of adjuvants (Atkinson and Miller, 1994 Atkinson et al., 1996 Miller et al., 1999). The oral sensitization to food proteins was studied in Brown Norway (BN)... 

Stewart, J.E., Feinle-Bisset, C., Golding, M., Delahunty, C., Clifton, P.M. Keast, R.S. Oral sensitivity to fatty acids, food consumption and BMI in human subjects. Br. J. Nutr. 2010, 104 145-152. 

Infants maybe sensitive to doses of vitamin A [11103-57-4] in the range of 75,000—200,000 lU (22.5—60 mg), although the toxic dose in adults is probably 2—5 million lU (90.6—1.5 g). Intakes in this range from normal food suppHes without oral supplements are simply beyond imagination (79). Vitamin D [1406-16-2] toxicity is much more difficult to substantiate clinically. Humans can synthesize active forms of the vitamin in the skin upon irradiation of 7-dehydrocholesterol. Toxic symptoms are relatively nonspecific, and dangerous doses seem to He in the range of 1000—3000 lU/kg body wt (25—75 flg/kg body wt) (80). Cases of toxicity of both vitamins E and K have been reported, but under ordinary circumstances these vitamins are considered relatively innocuous (81). 

Oral liquid concentrates are available for use in patients who can more easily swallow a liquid. These concentrates are light sensitive and dispensed in amber or opaque bottles to help protect the concentrate from light. They are administered mixed in liquids such as fruit juices, tomato juice, milk, or carbonated beverages. Semisolid foods, such as soups or puddingy, may also be used. Perphenazine (Trilafon) concentrate should not be mixed with beverages containing caffeine (coffee, cola), tea, or apple juice because of the risk of incompatibility. 

Pancreatin is a pancreatic extract usually obtained from the pancrease of slaughterhouse animals. It contains a mixture of enzymes, principally amylase, protease and lipase, and, thus, exhibits a broad digestive capability. It is administered orally mainly for the treatment of pancreatic insufficiency caused by cystic fibrosis or pancreatitis. As it is sensitive to stomach acid, it must be administered in high doses or, more usually, as enteric-coated granules or capsules that may be taken directly or sprinkled upon the food prior to its ingestion. Individual digestive activities, such as papain, pepsin or bromelains (proteases), or a-amylase are sometimes used in place of pancreatin. 

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