Food and Nutrition Board

Pantothenic acid is widely distributed in food and because of the lack of conclusive evidence regarding quantitative needs, a recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for pantothenic acid has not been estabUshed. In 1989, the Food and Nutrition Board of the United States National Research Council suggested a safe intake of 4—7 mg/d for adults. The provisional allowance for infants is 2—3 mg daily (90). 

Food and Nutrition Board, National Research Council, Food Chemicals Codex 3rd ed.. National Academy Press, Washiagton, D.C., 1981, pp. 324-325. 

Due to bleeding risk, individuals on anticoagulant therapy or individuals who are vitamin K-deficient should not take vitamin E supplementation without close medical supervision. Absent of that, vitamin E is a well-tolerated relatively non-toxic nutrient. A tolerable upper intake level of 1,000 mg daily of a-tocopherol of any form (equivalent to 1,500 IU of RRR a-tocopherol or 1,100 IU of all-rac-a-tocopherol) would be, according to the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine, the highest dose unlikely to result in haemorrhage in almost all adults. 

Recent scientific studies have clearly established the nutritional role of dietary fiber in several health conditions (Jalili et al., 2000), such as hypercholesterolemia (Topping et al., 1990), diabetes (Chandalia et al., 2000) and bowel function. It is also effective in preventing urinary stones (Ohkawa et al., 1984). The Food and Nutrition Board (Institute of Medicine Report, 2001) recommended a daily allowance for fiber of 25-30 g, though it is not an essential nutrient. Rice bran fiber offers a good source of non-bloating dietary fiber and is marketed as RiceMucil by NutraStar Company in the USA. 

Food and Nutrition Board Recommendations (2001) Dietary reference intakes - dietary fiber. Institute of Medicine, Washington D C, National Academy Press, 1-64. 

The answer is a. (Hardman, pp 1547—1542.) The NRG has a Food and Nutrition Board, which has the function of selecting the levels of vitamins, minerals, and other substances that are necessary to achieve maximum nutritional health. The levels are reviewed periodically and determined by... 

To replace recommended dietary allowances, the Food and Nutrition Board created the dietary reference intakes made up of seven nutrient groups. 

Modernization Act of 1997 (FDAMA), 18 686, 688, 697 Food and Drugs Act, 18 683 Food and Nutrition Board (FNB), 17 646 Food antioxidants, 12 59-61 Food applications... 

The concept of biochemical individuality has become part of most contemporary clinical and experimental medical and nutritional research. People are now known to fit into personally unique biochemical profiles based upon their own genetic structure, nutrition and environment.5 There is no such thing as a truly "normal" individualmeaning average. We are all biochemically unique and need to be dealt with as such. The Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) which were developed by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council to establish the nutritional needs of "practically all healthy people" were not based upon the more recent information concerning the range of biochemical individuality among individuals. The RDAs that describe "normal" nutritional needs have questionable relevancy to the concept of optimal nutrition based upon individual needs. The contributions of Dr. Williams have opened the door for personally tailored nutritional and medical interventions that take biochemical individuality into account. 

Human adult needs for this vitamin (vitamins) are not established quantitatively. Most human studies have involved preventing or curing rickets in infants or children, and the recommended daily allowance of the Food and Nutrition Board is 400 units. Even among "normal" children, however, there is evidence of variation in vitamin D needs. According to Spies and Butt,38 "The activated milk does not exhibit sufficient potency in vitamin D for the prevention of rickets in cases in which a susceptibility exists" (italics added). They note that "susceptible" children may require 5,000 to 10,000 units daily. 

In addition to RDIs and RDAs, there is a set of values termed the dietary reference intakes (DRIs). These are the most recent set of dietary recommendations established by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine, 1997-2001. DRIs vary significantly from the current RDIs and may provide the basis for updating the RDIs in the future (see www.nal.usda.gOv/fnic/etext/000105.html). 

Data from Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary proteins and amino acids. Reference Intakes for Energy, etc. Washington, DC National Academy Press (2002) 10 1-143 (see also Matthews (2006)). 

Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) are published by the Food and Nutrition Board, National Research Council-National Academy of Sciences, as a guide for nutritional problems and to provide standards of good nutrition for different age groups. They are revised periodically. 

Lactation Vitamin B-12 is excreted in breast milk in concentrations that approximate the mother s vitamin B-12 blood level. Amounts of B- 2recommended by the Food and Nutrition Board, National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council (2.6 mcg/day) should be consumed during lactation. 

Children The Food and Nutrition Board, National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council recommends a daily intake of 0.3 to 0.5 mcg/day for infants younger than 1 year of age and 0.7 to 1.4 mcg/day for children 1 to 10 years of age. 

Ca requirements in the United States are currently set as AIs. The recommended AI for Ca is an approximated value estimated to cover the needs of all healthy individuals in the age group based on experimental or observational data that show a mean intake which appears to sustain a desired indicator of health (e.g., desirable Ca retention) however, lack of sufficient evidence precludes specifying with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake (Standing Committee of the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board, and Institute of Medicine, 1997). 

Standing Committee of the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board, and Institute of Medicine (1997). In "Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride." National Academy Press, Washington, DC. 

The Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine (lOM) has been developing reference standards for vitamins and other nutrients called Dietary... 

Potatoes are not regarded as an important source of lipids, because the lipid content of the tuber is very low, ranging from 0.2 to 2 g (1.2 g on average) per kg on a fresh weight basis (OECD, 2002). The flesh of boiled potato cooked in skin without salt contains about 0.1 g total lipids, 0.03 g total saturated fatty acids, 0.002 g total monounsaturated fatty acids, and 0.043 g total polyunsaturated fatty acids per 100 g (USDA, 2007). The Adequate Intake determined for the essential n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is for adults 11-17 and l.l-1.6g per day, respectively (Food and Nutrition Board, 2005). 

Mineral contents are means of four potato varieties available In the USA (USDA, 2006) or the UK (FSA, 2002), with the exception of US potato I, which was taken from True et a I. (1978). The DRI values are those fora 31—50-year-old male (Food and Nutrition Board, 2004) ns = not sped fed. Adapted from White etal. (2009). 

Food and Nutrition Board. (2004). Dietary Referenee Intakes (DRIs) Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Elements. http //www.nap.edu. The National Aeademies Press, Washington, D.C. 

Committees of experts organized by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences have compiled Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)—estimates of the amounts of nutrients required to prevent deficiencies and maintain optimal health. DRIs replace and expand on Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), which have been published wih periodic revisions since 1941. Unlike the RDAs, the DRIs establish Lpper limits on the consumption of some nutrients, and incorporate the role of nutrients in lifelong health, going beyond deficiency diseases. Boh the DRIs and the RDAs refer to long-term average daily nutrient itakes, because it is not necessary to consume the full RDA every day. 

The fortification of these milk products with vitamin A is endorsed by the American Medical Association, with the concurrence of the Food and Nutrition Board, National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council and the Expert Panel on Food Safety and Nutrition of the Institute of Food Technologists (AMA 1982). The fortification of dried skim milk with vitamin A is viewed by the World Health Organization and the Food and Agricultural Organization (WHO 1977) as an important measure to combat vitamin A deficiency in developing countries, where 20,000 to 100,000 children yearly develop blindness from a lack of vitamin A in their diets (DeLuca et al. 1979). 

Sodium, potassium, and chloride are electrolytes found in cow s milk for which the Food and Nutrition Board has estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intakes for infants, children and adolescents, and adults (NAS 1980A). Sodium functions in the body to maintain blood volume and cellular osmotic pressure and to transmit nerve impulses (NAS 1980A). The estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake of sodium is 1100-3300 mg (2.8-8.4 g sodium chloride) for healthy adults (NAS 1980A). The American Medical Association, Council on Scientific Affairs (1979), suggested 4800 mg sodium per day as a tentative definition of moderation in sodium intake. 

National Academy of Sciences. 1980A. Recommended Dietary Allowances, 9th rev. ed. National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Food and Nutrition Board, Washington, D.C. 

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