Folic Acid B

Blacher J, Safar ME Homocysteine, folic acid, B vitamins and cardiovascular risk. J Nutr Health Aging 2001 5 196. 

Water-Soluble Vitamins. Vitamin G (ascorbic acid) functions in the formation of collagen, wound healing, metabolic functions, and other roles. Foods high in vitamin G include citrus fruits, strawberries, cantaloupe, and cruciferous vegetables. B vitamins are important in energy metabolism. Thiamin (Bj) is called the antineuritic vitamin. Riboflavin (B ), rarely deficient in the diet, is found most abundantly in milk and dairy products. Niacin (Bj) is prevalent in meats, poultry, fish, peanut butter, and other foods. Other major B vitamins include folic acid (B ), B, and Bj2-... 

Fig. 22.3 a Structure formula of folic acid, b Schematic representation of self-assembled columnar stacking of pterin (or pteridine)-rings in folic acid... 

Folic acid/B vitamins improve clinical outcome in severe homocysteinaemia. 

Tablets of Folic Acid, B,P, Usually contain 5 mg of folic acid per tablet.

Folic acid is a member of the vitamin B complex found in green plants, fresh fruit, yeast, and liver. Folic acid takes its name from folium, Latin for leaf. Pterin compounds are named from the Greek word for wing because these substances were first identified in insect wings. Two pterins are familiar to any child who has seen (and chased) the common yellow sulfur butterfly and its white counterpart, the cabbage butterfly. Xanthopterin and leu-... 

In terms of amino acids bacterial protein is similar to fish protein. The yeast s protein is almost identical to soya protein fungal protein is lower than yeast protein. In addition, SCP is deficient in amino acids with a sulphur bridge, such as cystine, cysteine and methionine. SCP as a food may require supplements of cysteine and methionine whereas they have high levels of lysine vitamins and other amino acids. The vitamins of microorganisms are primarily of the B type. Vitamin B12 occurs mostly hi bacteria, whereas algae are usually rich in vitamin A. The most common vitamins in SCP are thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, choline, folic acid, inositol, biotin, B12 and P-aminobenzoic acid. Table 14.4 shows the essential amino acid analysis of SCP compared with several sources of protein. 

Para-amino benzoic acid (PABA) is considered to be in the B-complex vitamin family. The human body can make it from folic acid, since PABA forms the middle part of that vitamin ... 

The water-soluble vitamins comprise the B complex and vitamin C and function as enzyme cofactors. Fofic acid acts as a carrier of one-carbon units. Deficiency of a single vitamin of the B complex is rare, since poor diets are most often associated with multiple deficiency states. Nevertheless, specific syndromes are characteristic of deficiencies of individual vitamins, eg, beriberi (thiamin) cheilosis, glossitis, seborrhea (riboflavin) pellagra (niacin) peripheral neuritis (pyridoxine) megaloblastic anemia, methyhnalonic aciduria, and pernicious anemia (vitamin Bjj) and megaloblastic anemia (folic acid). Vitamin C deficiency leads to scurvy. 

B,2 Cobalamin Coenzyme in transfer of one-carbon fragments and metabolism of folic acid Pernicious anemia = megaloblastic anemia with degeneration of the spinal cord... 

Pernicious anemia arises when vitamin B,2 deficiency blocks the metabohsm of folic acid, leading to functional folate deficiency. This impairs erythropoiesis, causing immature precursors of erythrocytes to be released into the circulation (megaloblastic anemia). The commonest cause of pernicious anemia is failure of the absorption of vitamin B,2 rather than dietary deficiency. This can be due to failure of intrinsic factor secretion caused by autoimmune disease of parietal cells or to generation of anti-intrinsic factor antibodies. 

Chapter 10 is devoted to the preparation and purification of hydrophilic vitamins (C, Bj, Bj, Bg, B[2, nicotinic acid and nicotinamide, pantothenic acid, biotin, and folic acid) in pharmaceutical preparations, food products, and biological samples. 

Water-soluble vitamins removed by hemodialysis (HD) contribute to malnutrition and vitamin deficiency syndromes. Patients receiving HD often require replacement of water-soluble vitamins to prevent adverse effects. The vitamins that may require replacement are ascorbic acid, thiamine, biotin, folic acid, riboflavin, and pyridoxine. Patients receiving HD should receive a multivitamin B complex with vitamin C supplement, but should not take supplements that include fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamins A, E, or K, which can accumulate in patients with renal failure. 

The water-soluble vitamins generally function as cofactors for metabolism enzymes such as those involved in the production of energy from carbohydrates and fats. Their members consist of vitamin C and vitamin B complex which include thiamine, riboflavin (vitamin B2), nicotinic acid, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, folic acid, cobalamin (vitamin B12), inositol, and biotin. A number of recent publications have demonstrated that vitamin carriers can transport various types of water-soluble vitamins, but the carrier-mediated systems seem negligible for the membrane transport of fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamin A, D, E, and K. 

Some effects of irradiation on vitamins have been mentioned earlier. It appears that irradiation and heat treatment affect vitamins differendy. Apparendy, vitamins Br B6, B12 and folic acid decompose less under as high a radiation dose as 60 kGy than under autoclaving at 120°Cfor 20 minutes. On the other hand, vitamin C is much more sensitive to irradiation. Generally, the radiosensitive vitamins are also sensitive to light, heat, and oxygen. In fresh foods, the vitamins that are most susceptible to irradiation are A and E. There is also some decomposition of vitamins B, and C. Other vitamins are fairly stable under irradiation. However, for the most part, the vitamins are more susecptible to heat treatment than to irradiation. 

Fresh tomato fruit contains about 0.72 to 20 mg of lycopene per 100 g of fresh weight, which accounts for about 30% of the total carotenoids in plasma (Stahl and Sies 1996). In contrast to other pigments such as (3-carotene, lutein, violaxanthin, auroxanthin, neoxanthin, and chlorophylls a and b, which accumulate in inner pulp and in the outer region of the pericarp, lycopene appears only at the end of the maturation period and almost exclusively in the external part of the fruit (Laval-Martin and others 1975). Other tomato components that can contribute to health include flavonoids, folic acid, and vitamin E (Dorais and others 2001a,b). 

Disorders of hemoglobin synthesis Inadequate production of mature RBCs Deficiency of nutrients (B]2, folic acid, iron, protein)... 

J. M. Cooperman, Microbiological assay of folic acid activity in serum and whole blood. In Methods in Enzymology, XVIII, Part B (eds. D. G. McCormick and... 

A4. Anderson, B., Belchar, E. H., Chanarin, I., and Mollin, D. L., The urinary and fecal excretion of radioactivity after oral doses of 3H-folic acid. Brit. J. Haematol. 6, 439-455 (1960). 

H12. Hoogstraten, B., Baker, H., and Reizenstein, P., Correlation between serum folic acid activity and response to antifolate therapy. Blood 17, 787 (1961). 

R12. Ross, J. F., Belding, H. W., and Paegel, B. L., Development and progression of subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord in patients with pernicious anemia treated with synthetic pteroyl glutamic (folic) acid. Blood 3, 68-90 (1948). 

A hyperalimentation order for a patient includes 30 mg of amphotericin B, 50 units of heparin, 25 mEq of potassium acetate, and 1.5 mg of folic acid... 

Fig. 10.14 Folic acid can be conjugated onto nanotubes fluorescently labeled nanotubes to target cells expressing folic acid receptors (a,b,c). Nanotubes conjugated with folic acid display a fluorescent signature indicating that nanotubes are internalized by cells expressing folic acid receptors (d). Without the folic acid conjugate, there is very little distribution of nanotubes within the cells as attributed by the lack of fluorescent signature in (e) (Reprinted from Kam et al., 2005. With permission from the National Academy of Sciences, USA) (See Color Plates)...

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