Flying-Lead Construction

Flying-Lead Construction (Double access construction)... 

FIGURE 62.10 Flying lead construction (Double sided construction). 

Direct bonding 50 1 Flying-lead construction (50 nm pitch)... 

FIGURE 66.2 Typical tine flying leads construction (a) Single side, (b) Double side. 

TAB S manufacturing capabilities are very different from traditional flexible circuits and they cover different apphcation area as shown in Fig. 66.10.TAB has been focusing single side fine traces with flying lead constructions. It has advantages for the volume productions of the small size circuitries because of special reel-to-reel manufacturing. 

FIGURE 66.1 Basic constructions for Flying-leads for flexible circuits. 

FIGURE 66.3 Manufactuirng process for flying-lead flexiblse circuit construction using... 

FIGURE 66.4 Manufacturing process for flying lead flexible circuit construction using (a) laser ablartion and (b) plasma etching or chemical etching. 

There are several choices of places to bnild micro bnmps on flexible circuits, as described in Chap. 64 (see Sec. 64.3.8). The same processes nsed to build ball grid arrays on rigid circuit boards are appropriate for flexible circuits with flexible photo-imageable solder mask. It is possible to build micro bumps on bare conductors using plating masks. Many micro bumps are built on fine flying leads without solder masks. A valuable construction of a flexible circuit is micro bumps built on the other side of the circuit through the dielectric layer.This can provide a reliable micro bump array because of the stable construction. 

When coal is burned in a combustion unit, mineral matter undergoes major changes that lead to problems of clinker formation, fly ash, slagging, and boiler tube corrosion. The efficiency of a combustion unit is related to the amount of ash produced, since it is a diluent. On the positive side, ash has been utilized as a construction material and is a possible source of refractory materials, as cement additives, or as adsorbents for gas-cleaning processes. However, the composition of the ash must be known before it can be utilized in this way. 

According to Styron et al., (1979) for a realistic assessment of the magnitude of release of radionuclides, special attention needs to be given to lead-210 and polonium-210 since they appear to have a large potential for significant environmental impact and have not received sufficient attention in trace-element studies for power plants. Another potentially important parameter in determining radiation exposure to man centres on disposal and utilization of coal ash and refuse. Lee et al., (1977) have suggested that emanation of radon-222 from ash disposal ponds will be the most serious radionuclide problem associated with increased use of coal. A potential hazard can be associated with the use of fly ash in cement and concrete blocks and in roadway construction. The radium-226 in these concrete blocks used for home construction may constitute an important source of radon-222 dose to the public. 

In this chapter we will look carefully at the properties of gases. First we will see how measurements of gas properties lead to various types of laws—statements that show how the properties are re-Steve Fossett flies his balloon ed to each other. Then we will construct a model to ex-Solo Spirit, over the east coast gases behave as they do. This model will show... 

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