Fluoro-ethylene carbonate

Ethylene carbonate (EC) and propylene carbonate (PC) have favorable physical and electrochemical properties such as high relative permittivity, high donicity, and relatively wide potential window. The direct fluorination of EC was successfully carried out to provide 4-fluoro-l,3-dioxolan-2-one (fluoroethylene carbonate, FEC) as shown in Scheme 2.3 [20], The fluorination of EC was strongly dependent on a choice of a reaction medium and no solvent was preferred from the viewpoint of conversion. FEC was further fluorinated to give three di-fluorinated derivatives. On the other hand, FEC was also prepared from 4-chloroethylene carbonate by exchange with KF [21], FEC was tested as an electrolyte additive for rechargeable lithium cells [21, 22] and is now practically used [23, 24],... 

The XPS technique has also been successfully used in the study of chemical groups formed on oxidation and eliminated on heat treatment on carbon foil, on carbons obtained by the electrochemical reduction of poly (tetra fluoro ethylene, PTFE), on bituminous coals,and on carbon blacks.The carbon Is synthesis of the XPS spectra for coal heated at 325°C obtained by Grint and Perry is shown... 

Fluorine-substituted carbonates have lower melting points than unsubstituted carbonates, and they have improved oxidation stability, which favors formation of a dense passivation SEl film on carbon negative electrode material. Some linear fluorine-containing carbonates are methyl 2,2,2-tri-fluoroethyl carbonate, ethyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl carbonate, propyl 2,2,2-tri-fluoroethyl carbonate, methyl 2,2,2-2, 2, 2 -hexafluoroisopropyl carbonate, ethyl 2,2,2-2, 2, 2 -hexafluoroisopropyl carbonate, and di-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl carbonate. Some cyclic fluorine-containing carbonates include fluoro-methyl ethylene carbonate (CH2F-EC), difluoromethyl ethylene carbonate (CHF2-EC), and trifluoromethyl ethylene carbonate (CF3-EC). They are miscible with EC, PC, and other organic solvents. The fluorinated cyclic... 

Poly- propylene poly- ethylene CAB" ABSf PVC Saran Polyester glass 1 Epoxy glass phenolic asbestos Fluoro- carbons Chlorinated polyether (Penton) Poly- carbonate... 

Alcoholysis of 1 -chloro-2-acyl-1,1,2-trifluoroethane, available from trifluoro-ethylene, an acyl chloride, and aluminum chloride, leads to 1-fluoro- 1-acylacetates [/] (equation 1) It is surpnsing that the remaining carbon-tluorine bond resists hydrolysis. 

Other binders are polyvinylchloride 112, 128), sometimes with a plasticizer 56) polyvinylacetal, specifically polyvinylformal plasticised with a copolymer of 1 3-butadiene and acrylonitrile (70) fluoro carbon polymers for preference a chlorotrifluoro ethylene polymer 132). 

Figure 30. Temperature dependence of the parameters P and y of the GGE distribution Eq. (36). (a) p and y are shown for the glass formers glycerol (GLY) and propylene carbonate (PC). In addition P/c (crosses) shows that i x y holds in good approximation. For clarity data sets of the Augsburg and Bayreuth group are not distinguished, (b) y (open symbols) and P/c (full symbols) for 2-picoline (2-PIC), trimethyl phosphate (TMP), propylene glycol (PG), 3-fluoro aniline (3-FAN), methyl tetrahydrofuran (MTHF), m-tricresyl phosphate (m-TCP) and ethylene glycol (EG) c = 3.0 0.5. Figures taken from Ref. [275],...

Cotton, polyamide, polyester, glass fibre, aramids, carbon fibres, fluoro-polymer fibres (polytetrafiuoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE)) and metal wires can all be used as fibre materials. 

On the other hand, cis or trans and cyclic 1,2-disubstituted ethylenes have been well-known till 1980 to be not homopolymerized with a radical initiator owing to the much more increased steric effect of the substituents except for a few exceptions, e.g., fluoro-substituted ethylenes and cyclic derivatives, vinylene carbonate (VCa), maleic anhydride (MAn), yV-substituted maleimides (RMI), and acenaphthylene. However, if 1,2-disubstituted and tri- or tetra-substituted ethylenes can homopolymerize, the polymers with a substituted polymethylene structure, which is different from the above polyethylenes, would be obtained (eqs. 1 and 2), i.e., the polymers would be less flexible (more rigid), and have higher glass transition temperatures than those for the polyethylenes, although their processabilities would decrease. 

Copolymer ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer from ethylene and vinyl acetate Ethylene-vinyl acetate-acrylic acid graft copolymer Ethylene-vinyl acetate-carbon monoxide copolymer Copolymer from ethylene, vinyl acetate, and vinyl chloride Copolymer of ethylene and vinyl alcohol also EVOH Fluorinated EPR tetrafluoroethylene/hexa-fluoro propylene rubber Hexa-fluoro propylene-vinylidenefluoride copolymer... 

Substances considered in a compilation of the thermodynamic properties of refrigerants include hydrogen, parahydrogen, helium, neon, nitrogen, air, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons (e.g. methane, ethane, propane, butane, isobutane, ethylene, and propene), and fluoro-and fluoro-chloro-hydrocarbons. Properties listed include those for the liquid and saturated vapour, superheated vapour, and unsaturated vapour. In addition, pressure-enthalpy, and in some instances pressure-entropy, diagrams are provided. 

Table 2.2 presents theoretical results for poly(ethylene) and all its fluoro derivatives that can be formed by replacing step-by-step the hydrogen atoms by fluorine atoms. A planar zigzag configuration of the carbon backbone chains has been assumed for these calculations. In the case of poly(l,2-difluorethylene) we can distinguish between two isomers. In the so-called syn form all the fluorine atoms are placed on the same side of a plane, which is defined by the carbon atoms, while in the anti-isomer they are alternating. Table 2.2 lists, for the different applied basis sets, the upper and lower limits and the width of the valence and conduction bands. The last column contains the Hartree-Fock gap. 

Subsequent to the 1982 compilation of Lounila and Jokisaari [237], a large number of studies report chemical shift anisotropies for various nuclei in liquid crystalline solvents. Representative examples include ACTh in dichloromethylphosphine [243], methylisothiocyanide [244], and norborna-diene [141] A(Tc in chloro- and bromoform [245], bis(trimethylsilyl)diacetylene [246], and pyridine, pyrazine, pyridazine, and pyrimidine [247] ACTh and ACq in butyne [248], fluoro- [245,249], bromo- [245], and iodomethane [244, 245, 250], ethylene [251], methylisocyanide [252], dimethyl-mercury [253], benzene [250, 254, 255], 1,3,5-trichloro- [99, 256], 1,3,5-tribromo-[244], and 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene [244] Afluoro-methane [249] Aa in dimethylmercury [253] AcTsein carbon diselenide [258] AcTje in tellurophene [259] and AOxe [260]. 

Tacticity studies have been conducted on poly(3-methyl-l-butene) [120], poly(p-isopropyl-a-methyl styrene) [121], a-methyl styrene [122], polytetrafluoroethylene [123], polyacrylic acid [124], polymethylvinyl ethers [125], polyacrylonitrile [126, 127], polyvinyltrifluoro acetate [128], polyvinyl alcohol and its ethers [129, 130], isobutene-maleic anhydride [111], isobutene dimethyl fumerate [131], isobutene dimethyl maleate [131], polyacrylonitrile [127], ethylene - vinyl acetate [132-135], polyalkyl vinyl ethers [136, 137], ethyl-2-chloroacetate [133], poly-trans-1,3-pentadiene [138], isotactic-l-butene - propylene [139], butadiene - propylene [140], polybutene [141], polychloroprene [142], ethylene - vinyl chloride [143], chlorinated polyethylene [144, 145], poly-a-methyl styrene [146], styrene acrylic acid [147], a-methyl styrene - methacylonitrile [148], styrene acrylonitrile [149], styrene isobutene [150], poly(p-fluoro-a-methyl styrene) [151], polyarylamide-6 [152], PP - polyamide-6 [152], polystyrene oxide [153], polybutene [154], atraconic anhydride - p-chlorostyrene [155], styrene - maleic anhydride [156, 157], ethylene - vinyl acetate [158], polymethyl vinyl ether [159], propene - carbon monoxide [160], methyl(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)siloxane [161], poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride) [162], polypropene [163, 164], polyepichlorohydrin [165], maleic anhydride-p-chlorostyrene [166], polymethacrylonitrile [167] and polyvinyl acetate [168]. 

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