Fluorescence analysis River

Reus U, Markeit B, Hoffmeister C, Spott D, Guhr H (1993) Determination of trace metals in river water and suspended solids by TXRF spectroscopy A methodical study on analytical performance and sample homgeneity. Fresenius J Anal Chem 347 430-435 Sanchez HJ. (2001) Detection limit calculations for the total reflection techniques of X-ray fluorescence analysis. Spectrochimica Acta 56 2027-2036... 

X-ray fluorescence analysis has a long history as a standard technique for analysis of mm to cm specimens using a hot-cathode X-ray source. However, the X-ray flux from a hot-cathode source is too divergent (isotropic emission) to permit efficient focusing. Thus, the niche of the synchrotron X-ray beam is in microbeam applications of the XRF technique, the inherent collimation and polarization of synchrotron radiation is well suited to use in an XRF microprobe. Details of synchrotron radiation generation are given in an accompanying chapter (Sham and Rivers, this volume). 

Takahashi, M and Kawamura, K. (2007). Simple measurement of 4,4-bis(2-sulfostyryl)-biphenyl in river water by fluorescence analysis and its application as an indicator of domestic wastewater contamination. Water, Air, Soil PolluL, 180 (1 ), 39-49. 

Hudson, N., Baker, A., and Reynolds, D. (2007). Fluorescence analysis of dissolved organic matter in natural, waste and polluted waters. River Res. Appl., 23,631-649. 

A study of residual analysis of thirty pesticides and their transformation products was based on SPE on-line with HPLC-UVD or post-column derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde (73) and fluorescence detection (FLD), according to EPA method 531.1 and others. The method allowed determination of many pesticides in river and well waters at 0.01 to 0.5 -ig/L levels195. An automatized procedure was proposed for determination... 

The fluorescence properties of two fulvic acids, one derived from the soil and the other from river water, were studied. The maximum emission intensity occurred at 445-450 nm upon excitation at 350 nm, and the intensity varied with pH, reaching a maximum at pH 5.0 and decreasing rapidly as the pH dropped below 4. Neither oxygen nor electrolyte concentration affected the fluorescence of the fulvic acid derived from the soil. Complexes of fulvic acid with copper, lead, cobalt, nickel and manganese were examined and it was found that bound copper II ions quench fulvic acid fluorescence. Ion-selective electrode potentiometry was used to demonstrate the close relationship between fluorescence quenching and fulvic acid complexation of cupric ions. It is suggested that fluorescence and ion-selective electrode analysis may not be measuring the same complexation phenomenon in the cases of nickel and cobalt complexes with fulvic acid. 

Kenzaka, T., N. Yamaguchi, K. Tani, and M. Nasu. 1998. rRNA-targeted fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis of bacterial community structure in river water. Microbiology 144 2085-2093. 

Trace element compositions of airborne particles are important for determining sources and behavior of regional aerosol, as emissions from major sources are characterized by their elemental composition patterns. We have investigated airborne trace elements in a complex regional environment through application of receptor models. A subset (200) of fine fraction samples collected by Shaw and Paur (1,2) in the Ohio River Valley (ORV) and analyzed by x-ray fluorescence (XRF) were re-analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). The combined data set, XRF plus INAA, was subjected to receptor-model interpretations, including chemical mass balances (CMBs) and factor analysis (FA). Back trajectories of air masses were calculated for each sampling period and used with XRF data to select samples to be analyzed by INAA. 

Last I would like to mention the interesting case of two bronze statues. One, Man with a Beard, a handsome Renaissance bronze statue was owned by the Louvre in Paris, whereas the other, Boy with a Ball, was owned by the National Gallery in Washington, D.C. (8). These two statues were remarkably similar in style, and it was suspected that at some time these may have been part of one artifact. Stylistic analysis, however, was not sufficient to make the final decision. X-ray fluorescence study of the two objects showed identical chemical composition which can happen only if they were poured from the same batch of metal. The analysis also showed that by composition the artifacts were closer to brass than to bronze. The group was reunited and is now known as St. Christopher Carrying the Christ Child with the Globe of the World. The statue illustrates the legend in which St. Christopher carried the Christ Child across a river. 

Carbonized coal products have a unique fingerprint by both GC and fluorescence analyses. Both these fingerprints confirm that sediments from the Elizabeth River are contaminated with carbonized coal products and allow for the detection of carbonized coal hydrocarbons, even in the presence of petroleum-derived hydrocarbons. Fluorescence allows for the rapid analysis of more samples and shows the contamination within the Elizabeth River to be widespread. Carbonized coal products in the sediments may constitute a chronic long-term source of PNA s to the water column. 

Zhu SH, Wu HL, Xia AL, Han QJ, Zhang Y, Yu RQ. Quantitative analysis of hydrolysis of carbaryl in tap water and river by excitation-emission matrix fluorescence coupled with second-order calibration. Talanta 2008 74 1579-5. 

One of the initial accounts of the use of RP-HPLC with fluorescence detection centered on the determination of LAS in river water without any preconcentration. In this approach, a CIS column was used with a methanol-water eluent containing 0.1 M NaC104 and provided a partial separation of LAS isomers from clean aqueous samples with a concentration of 0.1 % LAS. Kikuchi et modified the method to make use of gradient elution with acetonitrile and water using UV detection. Mottaleb et al. demonstrated the use of HPLC-UV-FTIR using the modified thermospray interface for the analysis of LAS. 

Sutton S, Rivers M (1999) Hard X-ray synchrotron microprobe techniques and applications. In Schulze DG, Stucki JW, Bertsch PM (eds) Synchrotron X-ray Methods in Clay Science, Clay Minerals Society Workshop Lectures 9. The Clay Minerals Society, Boulder, Colorado, p 146-163 Sutton SR, Rivers ML, Bajt S, Jones (1993) Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microprobe analysis with bending magnets and insertion devices. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res Sect 75 553-558 Sutton SR, Rivers ML, Bajt S, Jones K, Smith TV (1994) Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microprobe a microanalytical instrument for trace element studies in geochemistry, cosmochemistiy, and the soil and environmental sciences. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res Sect A 347 412-416 Sveijensky DA (1994) Zero-point-of-charge prediction from crystal chemistry and solvation theory. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 58 3123-3129... 

One of the online inununosensor systems developed in recent years and that has attracted much attention is the prototype FIA River ANALyser (RIANA system), which was developed under the European Commission funding. The RIANA system incorporates a multiple analytes immunoanalysis based on total internal reflection fluorescence with 15 minutes for each analysis [109,110]. The transducer consists of a quartz slide with spatially resolved surface modification for antigen immobilization, along which a coupled laser beam propagates by total internal reflection. The antibodies are labeled with Cy5.5 fluorescent dye, which competes with the free analyte. The system has been applied for the detection of chlorotriazines, atrazine, simazine, and isoproturon. Detection limit for isoproturon in river water was 0.14... 

All samples were taken with plastic shovels from fresh soil excavations (maximum depth 200 cm) and stored in polyethylene cups. The samples were oven-dried (60 °C) to constant weight and subsequently sieved (<63 jUm/240 mesh) with nylon sieves. This fine fraction was used for the geochemical analysis after making compressed powder-discs for X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The more coarse material consisted of non-ore mineral bearing rock and river sediment material. The fraction (<63 fim) constituted an average (median) of 5% of the total sample weight (range 2-20%). The samples were... 

FIGURE 1.5 Schematic diagram of flow injection analysis (FIA) system with immunoassay detection RIANA (abbreviation from River ANAlyser ) based on total internal reflection fluorescence with immobilized fluorescently labeled antibodies. The source of the excitation light is a He-Ne laser, and the collected fluorescent light is filtered and detected by photodiodes (PD). (Adapted from Rodriguez-Mozaz, S. et al. 2004. Biosens. Bioelectron. 19 633-640.)... 

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