Fluoranthene benzo fluorene

Figure 3 depicts profiles of Total PAH fluxes vs. time (36). The following polycyclic hydrocarbons have been determined by high performance liquid chromatography, variable wavelength absorption detection Naphthalene, acenaphthylene, 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene, 2-methylnaphtalene, fluorene, acenaphtene, phenanthrene, 2,3-dimethylnaphtalene, anthracene, fluoranthene, 1-methylphenanthrene, pyrene, 2,3-benzofluorene, triphenylene, benz(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, perylene, benzo(e)pyrene, 1,2,3,4-dibenzanthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, and 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene. 

Fluoranthene (benzo[/,k]fluorene) [206-44-0] M 202.3, m 110-111 . Purified by chromatography of CCI4 solns on alumina, with benzene as eluent. Crystd from EtOH, MeOH or benzene. Purified by zone melting. [Gorman et al. J Am Chem Soc 107 4404 1985.]... 

Pyka separated 16 PAHs (naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo [a] anthracene, chrysene, benzo[/>]fluoranthene, benzo[fe]fluoranthene, benzo[a]py-rene, dibenzo[a,/z]anthracene, benzo[g,/i,i]perylene, and indeno[l,2,3-C(i]pyrene) according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) by gradient HPLC on a LiChrospher PAH column using acetonitrile and water as mobile phases. Retention times fr (sec) of investigated PAHs were correlated with topological indices based on the adjacency matrix (M, 012) and the... 

PAHs1 NA 0.6 mg/kg/day (intermediate, acenaphthene) 0.4 mg/kg/day (intermediate, fluoranthene fluorene) 10 mg/kg/day (intermediate, anthracene) Group 2A benz(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene Group 2B benzo(b)fluoranthen e benzo(j)fluoranthene, ideno(1,2,3-c,d) pyrene Group 3 anthracene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene, additional PAHs Group B2 benz(a)anthracene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene, dibenz(a,h)- anthracene, indeno(1,2,3-c,d)- pyrene Group D acenaphthylene, anthracene, fluoranthene... 

From what is currently known about benzo[a]pyrene. the federal government has developed regulatory standards and guidelines to protect people from the potential health effects of PAHs in drinking water. EPA has provided estimates of levels of total cancer-causing PAHs in lakes and streams associated with a risk of human cancer development. If the following amounts of individual PAHs are released to the environment within a 24-hour period, EPA must be notified 1 pound of benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, or dibenz[a.h]anthracene 10 pounds of benz[a]anthracene 100 pounds of acenaphthene, chrysene, fluoranthene, or indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene or 5,000 pounds of acenaphthylene, anthracene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene, fluorene, phenanthrene, or pyrene. 

Fifty-four PAHs have been identified at one or more NPL hazardous waste sites. These 54 are acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, 2-acetoaminofluorene, anthracene, 9,10-anthracenedione, benz[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[e]pyrene, benzo[a]fluoranthene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[b]fluorene, benzofluoranthene, benzo[j]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene. benzo[g,h,i]fluoranthene, benzoperylene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene, benzophenanthrene, benzopyrene, benzothiophene, benzo[b]thiophene, chrysene, 4H-cyclopenta[d,e,f]phenanthrene, dibenz[a,j]anthracene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, 7,12- dimethylbenz[a]anthracene,... 

Complete Carcinogenesis Studies. Studies in laboratory animals have demonstrated the ability of benz[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[j]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, chrysene, dibenz[a,h,]anthracene, and indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene to induce skin tumors (i.e., they are complete carcinogens) following intermediate dermal exposure. Anthracene, fluoranthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, and pyrene do not act as complete carcinogens. The data supporting these conclusions are discussed below by chemical. Only those studies considered adequate and reliable with respect to study design and adequacy of reporting are presented in Table 2-3. 

Interactions between selected noncarcinogenic PAHs and carcinogenic benzo[a]pyrene have also been documented to reduce the carcinogenic potential of benzo[a]pyrene in animals. Benzo[a]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, chrysene, perylene, and a mixture of anthracene, phenanthracene, and pyrene significantly inhibited benzo[a]pyrene-induced injection-site sarcomas. However, other PAHs including anthracene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene, fluorene, and indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene had no antagonistic effects (Falk et al. 1964). Coexposure of tracheal explants to benzo[e]pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene resulted in an increased incidence of tracheal epithelial sarcomas over that seen with either PAH alone (Topping et al. 1981). Phenanthrene administration with benzo[a]pyrene decreased the DNA adduct formation in mice (Rice et al. 1984). 

PAHs have been detected in surface waters of the United States. In an assessment of STORET data covering the period 1980-82, Staples et al. (1985) reported median concentrations in ambient water of >10 ug/L for 15 PAHs (acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, anthracene, benz[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene, benzo[a]pyrene, chrysene, fluoranthene, fluorene, indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene). The number of samples ranged from 630 (naphthalene) to 926 (fluoranthene) the percentage of samples in which these PAHs were detected ranged from 1.0 (benzo[g,h,i]perylene) to 5.0 (phenanthrene) and 7.0 (naphthalene). 

PAHs have generally not been detected in surveys of human tissue, presumably because the compounds are fairly rapidly metabolized. Phenanthrene was the only PAH detected in the 1982 National Human Adipose Tissue Survey it was found in trace concentrations in 13% of the samples (EPA 1986). Acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, and chrysene were not found at levels below the detection limit (0.010 pg/g 10 ppt). However, autopsies performed on cancer-free corpses found PAH levels of 11-2,700 ppt (ng/g) in fat samples (Obana et al. 1981). Several PAHs were detected, including anthracene, pyrene, benzo[e]pyrene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, and benzo[g,h,i]perylene, with pyrene being detected in the highest concentrations. A similar study done on livers from autopsied cancer-free corpses found levels of 6-500 ppt (ng/g) of all of the same PAHs except benzo[e]pyrene, which was not detected (Obana et al. 1981). As in the fat sample studies, pyrene appeared in the highest concentrations in the liver, but the overall levels were less than in fat. 

Phenanthrene Dibenzothiophene Pyrene Fluoranthene Benzo (b) fluorene Benzo(a)anthracene Cry sene/T ripheny lene Benzo (e) pyrene Benzo (a) pyrene Indenol (1,2, 3-c, d)pyrene Benzo (g, h, i) perylene Benzo (b, j, k) fluoranthene... 

Transformation of biphenyl, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, benzo[b] fluorene, chrysene, and pyrene by P. paucimobilis strain EPA505 (Mueller et al. 1990), and degradation of fluoranthene, pyrene, benz [a] anthracene, chrysene, benzo[a]pyrene, and benzo[fr]fluoranthene by the same strain (Ye et al. 1996) ... 

With respect to further PACs analysed in the sediment core (see Tab. 1), concentration profiles very similar to the one of benz[a]anthracene were detected for most of the substances. This group of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) include acenaphthylene, anthracene, chrysene, fluoranthene, phenanthrene, fluorene and pyrene. Only for perylene the distribution within the sediment core resembled the ones of benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[x]fluoranthene (x = b,k). 

At British American Tobacco Company (BAT) in 1966, Chakraborty and Thornton (646a) studied the effect of various additives on MSS PAHs. The changes in the per cigarette yields of a variety of PAHs were determined. They included anthracene, B[a]A, benzo[gft/]fluoranthene, benzo[ft]fluo-ranthene, B[a]P, B[c]P, chrysene, fluoranthene, fluorene, methylfluorene, phenanthrene, several alkylphenanthrenes, dimethylphenanthrene, pyrene, and several benzofluorenes.t... 

Sum of acenaphthene, phenanthrene, fluorene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(b+j+k) fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(ghi)perylene, indenol(l,2,3-c,d)pyrene. 

The selected ion chromatogram of the 16 priority PAHs and the internal standards, (a) The first window shows the peaks for naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, and fluorene, while the second window shows the peak for acenaphtene-dio (the internal standard for naphthalene, acenaphthalene, acenaphthene, and fluorene). (b) The first window shows the peaks for phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, and pyrene, while the second window shows the peak for phenanthrene-dio (the internal standard for phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, and pyrene), (c) The first window shows the peaks for benz[a]anthracene and chrysene, while the second window shows the peak for chrysene-di2 (the internal standard for benz [a] anthracene and chrysene), (d) The first window shows the peaks for benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[ghi]perylene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, and indeno[l,2,3-cd]pyrene, while the second window shows the peak for perylene-di2 (the internal standard for benzo[b]flouranthene, benzo[k]flouranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[ghi]perylene., dibenz[a,h]anthracene, and indeno[l,2,3-cd]pyrene). 

By the neutral red assay in vitro in HepG2, it was possible to evaluate the effects of the PAHs over the cell viability (Babich, 1988). The eytotoxic potential was induced by B[a]P, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, chrysene, benzo[a]anthracene, pyrene, phen-anthrene, fluoranthene but, however, the fluorene, anthracene, acenaphthene and acenaphthylene were not cytotoxic for the same cells. 

Naphthlene, Acenaphtylene, Acenaphthene, Fluorene, Phenanthrene, Anthracene. Fluoranthene, Pyrene, Benzo(a)anthracene , Chrysene , Benzo(b) luoranthene , Benzo(k)fluoranthene, Benzo(e)pyrene, Benzo(a)pyrene , Perylene, Indeno( 1,2,3-cd)pyrene , Dibenz(a4i)anthrathene , Benzo(b)chrycene, Benzo(ghi)perylene , Coronene. 

PAHs standard was supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (QTM PAHs Mix, Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, USA). This solution contained 16 analytes acenaphfhene (AC), acenaphthylene (ACL), anthraeene (AN), benz[a]anfhracene (BaA), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), benzo[i]fl-uoranthene (BbFA), benzo[g/ /]perylene (BghiP), 2-bromonaphfhalene (2-BrNA), chrysene (CHR), dibenz[o/ ]anthracene (DBahA), fluoranthene (FA), fluorene (FL), indeno[7,2,3-ct/ pyrene (IP), naphthalene (NA), phenanthrene (PHE) and pyrene (PY). 

Das and Thomas [200] used fluorescence detection in high performance liquid chromatography to determine nine PAHs in occupational health samples including process waters. The nine compoimds studied were benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene/fluoranthene, chrysene, benzo(k)fluorene, perylene, benzo(e)pyiene, deibenz(ah)-anth-racene and benz(ghi)perylene. 

Hemoglobin is another heme-containing protein, which has been shown to be active towards PAH, oxidation in presence of peroxide [420], This protein was also modified via PEG and methyl esterification to obtain a more hydrophobic protein with altered activity and substrate specificity. The modified protein had four times the catalytic efficiency than that of the unmodified protein for pyrene oxidation. Several PAHs were also oxidized including acenaphthene, anthracene, azulene, benzo(a)pyrene, fluoranthene, fluorene, and phenanthrene however, no reaction was observed with chrysene and biphenyl. Modification of hemoglobin with p-nitrophenol and p-aminophenol has also been reported [425], The modification was reported to enhance the substrate affinity up to 30 times. Additionally, the solvent concentration at which the enzyme showed maximum activity was also higher. Both the effects were attributed to the increase in hydrophobicity of the active site. 

Fig. 10 Composition and spatial distribution of the main patterns of contamination identified in sediment of the Ebro River basin from year 2004 to 2006. Different temporal distribution of the PAHs pattern of contamination over the territory and constant distribution in time of the APs and heavier PAHs as well as the OCs pattern. Big circles representing higher levels of pattern contribution than small circles. Variables identification 1, naphthalene 2, acenaphtylene 3, acenapthene 4, fluorene 5, phenanthrene 6, anthracene 7, fluoranthene 8, pyrene 9, benzo(a) anthracene 10, chrysene 11, benzo(b)fluoranthene 12, benzo(k)fluoranthene 13, benzo(a)pyr-ene 14, indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene 15, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene 16, benzo(g,h,i)perylene 17, octyl-phenol 18, nonylphenol 19, tributylphosphate 20, a-HCH 21, HCB 22,2,4-DDE 23,4,4-DDE 24, 2,4-DDD 25, 4,4-DDD 26, 2,4-DDT 27, 4,4-DDT...

The numbering and lettering system for several PAHs is also given. Compounds are (1) naphthalene, (2) fluorene, (3) anthracene, (4) phenanthrene, (5) aceanthrylene, (6) benzo[a]-fluorene, (7) benzo[a]fluorene, (8) benzo[a]-fluorene, (9) fluoranthene, (10) naphthacene, (11) pyrene, (12) benzofluoranthene, (13) benzo[g,/r,fluoranthene, (14) perylene, (15) benzo[e]pyrene, (16) benzo[g,/),/]perylene, (17) anthanthrene, and (18) coronene. 

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