Pyrenes benzo

Toxicology. Benzoic acid is an irritant of the eyes and respiratory system. 

Although specific dose levels and durations are not available, it is assumed that exposure to the dust may be irritating to the nose and eyes. At elevated temperatures, fumes may cause irritation of the eyes, respiratory system, and skin. 

The oral LD50 in cats and dogs is 2 mg/kg. When benzoic acid is injected in rats, tremors, convulsions, and death occur. 

On human skin, intermittent exposure to 22 mg for 3 days caused moderate irritation. Benzoic acid does not appear to be a skin sensitizer. In the eyes of rabbits, 100 mg was severely irritating.  

Benzoic acid was not genotoxic in bacterial assays or in in vitro mammalian assays.  

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Fig. 10.13. Metabolism of benzo[ ]pyrene (10.34). Shown are stereoselective formation of three isomeric epoxides, EH-catalyzed, stereoselective hydration to the dihydrodiols 10.35, 10.36, and 10.37, and, finally, 9,10-epoxidation of 10.36 to the bay-region diol epoxide 10.38. The latter exists as...

T richloroethy lene Acenapthene Acenapthylene Benzo-pyrene 1 <0.0000008 1 <0.000001... 

Eeron VJ, Kruysse A, Woutersen RA Respiratory tract tumors in hamsters exposed to acetaldehyde vapor alone or simultaneously to benzo( )pyrene or diethylni-trosamine. EurJ Cancer Clin Oncol 18 13-31, 1982... 

Feron VJ, Kruysse A Effects of exposure to acrolein vapor in hamsters simultaneously treated with benzo( )pyrene or diethylni-... 

Benzo[/ ]pyrene is designated an A2-sus-pected human carcinogen by ACGIH and has no assigned threshold limit value. 

Culp SJ, Gaylor DW, Sheldon WG, et al A comparison of the tumors induced by coal tar and benzo( )pyrene in a 2-year bioassay. Carcinogenesis 19(1) 117-124, 1998... 

Monteith DK, Novoting A, Michalopoulos G, Stron SC Metabolism of benzo[ ]pyrene in primary cultures of human hepatocytes Dose-response over a four-log range. Carcinogenesis 8 983-988, 1987... 

Daniel FB, Schut HAJ, Sandwisch DW, et al Interspecies comparisons of benzo[ ]pyrene metabolism and DNA-adduct formation in cultmed human and animal bladder and tracheobronchial tissues. Cancer Res MAI 2M 4729, 1983... 

Mackenzie KM, Angevine DM Infertility in mice exposed in utero to benzo[ ]pyrene. Biol Reprod 24 183-191, 1981... 

Legraverend C, Guenther TM, Nebert DW Importance of the route of administration for genetic differences in benzo[ ]pyrene-... 

A number of substances including ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, polybrominated biphenyls, phenobarbital, and benzo( )pyrene have been shown to synergistically affect carbon tetrachloride toxicity." Alcohol has been a concomitant factor in many of the human cases of poisoning, especially in cases in which severe liver and kidney damage have occurred. Some substances such as chlordecone greatly potentiate the toxicity of carbon tetrachloride at... 

In skin-painting studies in mice, catechol increased the carcinogenic effects of benzo[< ]pyrene (B(skin tumors was compared with that obtained from groups treated with B([Pg.129]

A1 Planar polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Benzo[ ] pyrene 1-Ethynyl pyrene TCDD, PAHs Many PAHs... 

Aromatic amines Benzo anthracenes Benzo fluoranthracenes Benzo pyrenes Benzoic acids Carbazoles Chrysenes Dibenzo thiophenes Fluorenes Imidazoles Indoles Naphthalenes... 

Clearly, a sound evaluation of the total mutagenic/carcinogenic potencies of a complex mixture of POM emissions (e.g., diesel exhaust) should include not only the PEFs of the primary particle- and vapor-phase PAHs and PACs but also those of the mutagens formed in atmospheric reactions of precursor PAHs (see, for example, Arey et al. (1992), Lewtas (1993b), Atkinson and Arey (1994), Nielsen et al. (1996), Arey (1998a), and Section F). For examples of such formal scientific health risk assessments prepared by the State of California Air Resources Board and Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, see Benzo[ ]pyrene as a Toxic Air Contaminant (CARB, 1994) and Identification of Diesel Exhaust as a Toxic Air Contaminant (CARB, 1998). 

Nielsen, T., The Decay of Benzo[ ]pyrene and Cyclopent-eno[crf]pyrene in the Atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 22, 2249-2254 (1988). 

BenzoWpyrene Sdenastrum capricomutum. Benzo[< ]pyrene r r-4,5-d ihydrod iol, benzo[< ]pyrene cis-1,8-d ihydrod iol, benzoMpyrene c/j-9,10-d ihydrod iol, benzoMpyrene cis-l 1,12-dihydrodiol. Cody et al. (1984), Lindquist Warshawsky (1985a,b), Warshawsky et al. (1988, 1990). 

Field demonstration of an aerated soil cell was conducted with soil contaminated by PAH originating from a coal gasification plant (Taddeo et al., 1989). After 78 days of compost treatment, total PAH concentrations were reduced from 6330 to 370 mg/kg compost. However, 5-ring PAHs including benzo[ pyrene were not degraded within this time period. 

Some PAH like benzo[ ]pyrene and their metabolites are teratogenic and mutagenic [27]. In the late 1970s, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) listed 16 PAH as priority pollutants (Fig. 6). This list was later adopted by the European Union. Moreover, the CAFE directive of the European Union establishes an annual limit value of 1 ng/m3 for the occurrence of benzol a pyrene in the atmosphere (Council Directive 2004/107/EC Official Journal, L 023, 26/01/ 2005 pp. 3-6). 

C2. Perylene, quaterrylene, 2,3-8,9-dibenzoperylene, 3,4-benzo-pyrene, 1,12-benzoperylene, 1,14-benzobisanthrene, dibenzo-and hexabenzo-coronene, and hypericin. 

Kukkonen, J., A. Oikari, S. Johnsen, and E. T. Gjessing. 1989. Effect of humus concentration on benzo( )pyrene accumulation from water to Daphnia magna. Science of the Total Environment 79 197. 

The World Health Organization recommends that the total concentration of PAHs in drinking water should not exceed 10ngL 1. The ozonation of the above two PAHs, plus benzo[ ]pyrene, in water solution was examined experimentally as a function of pH and concentration of radical scavenger (tert-butanol). Acidic pH values accelerate the disappearance of the PAHs. At pH 2, the direct ozonolysis rates were approximately 33000M-1 s-1 for benzopyrene, 11 000 M-1 s 1 for chrysene, and 45 M 1 s 1 for fluorene <2004MI453>. 

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