Flow measurements 12 INDEX

The brominated phosphate is an efficient flame retardant for polycarbonate resin. UL-94 ratings of V-0 with oxygen index values of greater than 40 are obtained. Polycarbonate resin containing brominated phosphate processes with greater ease than resin containing brominated polycarbonate as measured by injection molding spiral flow measurements. The heat distortion temperature is reduced... 

M.L. Miller, G. Gordon, Refractive index anomalies in stopped-flow measurements, Anal. Chem. 48 (1976) 778. 

Steady shear measurements were used to determine flow properties and to estimate the degree of structure breakdown with shear (Elliott and Ganz, 1977). The power law equation (Eq. 3) has been used to describe the shear stress-shear rate behavior of salad dressings (Figoni and Shoemaker, 1983 Paredes et al, 1988, 1989). The flow behavior index of five commercial salad dressings at different temperatures and storage times of up to 29 days were all less than one, indicating that they were pseudoplastic fluids. The consistency index (/f) decreased with the increase in product temperature. 

Index-linked or inflatiOTi-indexed bonds present additional issues in their analysis, due to the nature of their cash flows. Measuring the retimi on index-linked bonds is less straightforward than with conventional bonds, and in certain cases there are peculiar market structures that must be taken into accotmt as well. For example, in the United States market for index-linked treasuries (known as TIPS from Treasury Inflation-Indexed Securities) there is no significant lag between the inflation link and the cash flow payment date. In the United Kingdom, there is an 8-month lag between the inflation adjustment of the cash flow and the cash flow payment date itself, while in New Zealand there is a 3-month lag. The existence of a lag means that inflation protection is not available in the lag period, and that the return in this period is exposed to inflation risk it also must be taken into account when analysing the bond. 

Figure 7. Cardiovascular response of a typical anesthetized dog to monensin. A low dose (0.05 mg/kg) was first introduced iv (dissolved in ethanol), and after an interval of an hour to permit the animal to return to basal conditions, a higher dose (0.2 mg/kg) was administered. The lowest tracing (mean LAD C.F.) is the time-averaged flow measured by a magnetic flow probe encircling the left anterior descending coronary artery. The A P trace gives the diastolic-systolic pressure range recorded from a catheter in the aorta. LV dP/dt max, the index of cardiac contractility, was obtained from a manometer-tipped catheter inserted in the left ventricle. The measured pressure was converted to its derivative to record dP/dt...

Flow ratio index [kg/s], FRI = maximum solids flowrate expected after deaeara-tion of a powder in a bin. (Measures consistency small FRI for fine, highly compressible particles large FRI for particles > 400 gm, incompressible, very permeable.) Values range 0-90 kg/s. 

The rheograms shown in Figure 4 can be fitted by a power law relation, and the concentrations at which rheological measurements were taken also were those tested in the flow loop. The physical data including suspension density, power law flow behavior index, and material consistency coefficient are given in Table 1. It is noticeable that the suspension displays a consistent movement away from Newtonian behavior as solid concentration increases the flow behaviour index consistently reduces in Table 1. 

Northmp, MA., Kulp, T.J., Angel, S.M., 1991. Fluorescent particle image velocimetry application to flow measurement in refractive index-matched porous media. Appl. Optics 30,3034-3040. 

More recently, avalanching powder flow has been used to evaluate the flow-ability of powdered solids. In this approach, one uses measurements of relative frequency as a function of time between successive powder cascades to deduce powder flowability vmder simulated working conditions. In one study, a systematic study of the powder avalanches of a number of different materials was used to deduce two indices describing fluidity and cohesion. The flow-ability index (not to be confused with Carr s index of the same name) illustrates a resistance characteristic of a powder to initiate movement during an avalanche, while the cohesion information provides information on the capacity of the powder to be agglomerated. 

Many factors influence the accuracy of experimental data and each experimental run could be described by a different set of parameters n, K, Ty. Since the flow models strongly depend on input data and their evaluation, a sensitivity analysis was used to find effect of value of flow behaviour index n on accuracy of laminar and turbulent flow models. Dependency of slurry/water pressure gradient ratio i / io on mean slurry velocity V of the measured slurries for both tested turbulent models and yield power-law model is shown in Fig. 4, where also a role of parameter n is illustrated. The value of n given by best fitting of laminar data by Eq. (4) represents quite well laminar region. For turbulent data it is not valid (see dashed line). The best fitting value n for turbulent data varies not only with kind of solid material, but depends also on concentration. 

The predicted cumulative cash-flow curve for a project throughout its life forms the basis for more detailed evaluation. Many quantitative measures or indices have been proposed. In each case, important features of the cumulative cash-flow curve are identified and transformed into a single numerical measure as an index. 

The width of molecular weight distribution (MWD) is usually represented by the ratio of the weight—average and the number—average molecular weights, MJM. In iadustry, MWD is often represented by the value of the melt flow ratio (MER), which is calculated as a ratio of two melt indexes measured at two melt pressures that differ by a factor of 10. Most commodity-grade LLDPE resias have a narrow MWD, with the MJM ratios of 2.5—4.5 and MER values in the 20—35 range. However, LLDPE resias produced with chromium oxide-based catalysts have a broad MWD, with M.Jof 10—35 and MER of 80-200. 

The molecular weight distribution of LLDPE resins is usually characterized in industry by the ratios of melt indexes measured in the same apparatus using different loads (2.16, 10.16, and 21.6 kg). The commonly used ratios are melt flow ratio, MFR) and I q/I2. Both of these ratios... 

AH three parameters, the cut size, sharpness index, and apparent bypass, are used to evaluate a size separation device because these are assumed to be independent of the feed size distribution. Other measures, usually termed efficiencies, are also used to evaluate the separation achieved by a size separation device. Because these measures are dependent on the feed size distribution, they are only usefiil when making comparisons for similar feeds. AH measures reduce to either recovery efficiency, classification efficiency, or quantitative efficiency. Recovery efficiency is the ratio of the amount of material less than the cut size in the fine stream to the amount of material less than the cut size in the feed stream. Classification efficiency is defined as a corrected recovery efficiency, ie, the recovery efficiency minus the ratio of the amount of material greater than the cut size in the fine stream to the amount of material greater than the cut size in the feed stream. Quantitative efficiency is the ratio of the sum of the amount of material less than the cut size in the fine stream plus the amount of material greater than the cut size in the coarse stream, to the sum of the amount of material less than the cut size in the feed stream plus the amount of material greater than the cut size in the feed stream. Thus, if the feed stream analyzes 50% less than the cut size and the fine stream analyzes 95% less than the cut size and the fine stream flow rate is one-half the feed stream flow rate, then the recovery efficiency is 95%, the classification efficiency is 90%, and the quantitative efficiency is 95%. 

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