Flow system design

In Figure 3, (after Wilderer et al., 2001) SBRs and continuous flow systems designed for denitrification are compared. In Figure (3b) a continuous flow denitrification system with one anoxic and one aerobic reactor are shown, which is translated into the SBR cycle shown in Figure (3a). 

Figure 3. Comparison of SBR s and continuous flow systems designed for denitrification.

The f factor is seen as the success or failure of fluid flow systems design. It requires experimental input, such as Eq. (5.48), provided for the DPAT term. Equations (5.48), (5.50), and (5.52) are presented again for this review of the Bernoulli equation. 

The term flow system, designated in our classification scheme by the letter F, is reserved for those methods employing integral flow because in no other case does flow alter the basic nature of separation. Two distinct classes of integral flow can be identified, F(=) and F( + ), as noted in our classification of Section 7.3. These classes are discussed separately below. 

Charles Bambara, Director of Technology, Koch-Otto York Co., Parsippany, NJ, who contributed many flow-system design problems... 

Flow-system design is one of the last steps in the design of a chemical plant. After designing and locating all equipment, then the process engineer can complete the flow system design. In the following sections, we will consider the above elements of a flow system in some detail. 

Table 8.4.1 Summary of Flow-System Design Computations. 

Tandem stream is especially attractive in relation to flow systems designed in the single-line configuration, such as the sequential injection... 

A strictly constant flow delivery cannot always be guaranteed, however, and this limitation becomes more pronounced for flow systems designed in the confluence configuration. Without pulsation, the confluent stream addition may become somewhat erratic [27]. In fact, the repetitive sudden variation in back pressure inherently ensures reproducible addition of the confluent stream. This aspect is inherent to pulsating flow. 

Limitations in system design become more severe when the indicator reaction proceeds in a pronounced manner in the absence of the catalyst. In order to improve the detection limit, the measurement repeatability and the ratio of development of the indicator reaction under catalysed and uncatalysed conditions should be as high as possible. An improvement in repeatability is generally attained in flow systems designed in the confluence configuration (see 3.2.2) and the highest ratio of indicator... 

Chemical kinetics. In a flow system designed in the confluence configuration, colour formation can be visually observed immediately after the confluence connector for reagent addition if the chemical reaction yielding the analytical signal is fast. Otherwise, a continuous increase in colour formation can be observed at the end of the main reactor. This is an important feature for distinguishing fast and slow chemical reactions. 

E. Munoz, S. Palmero, M.A. Garcfa-Garcfa, A continuous flow system design for simultaneous determination of heavy metals in river water samples, Talanta 57 (2002) 985—992. 

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