Flow-through Design

Fig. 2. Exposure of sheepshead minnows to 17-/3-estradiol. (A) Exposure to a constant concentration of 100 ng E2/l in a flow-through design and (B) exposure to two injections (i.p.) of 2.5 mg E2/kg 4 days apart. Plasma vitellogenin was measured by ELISA and hepatic Vg mRNA was measured by slot blot as described previously15,39,60.

FIGURE 43.3 Schematic views of the flow-through PCR device layout and model. The device on the right was used in the experiments described and had 50-mm wide channels separated by 250 mm. The device on the left had 50-mm wide channels separated by 50 nun and was not nsed in the research presented, however, it illustrates the versatility of the flow-through design. (Figure adapted and reproduced from Hashimoto, M., et al., Lab Chip, 2004, 4, 638-645. Copyright 2004. With permission from Royal Society of Chemistry.)... 

Several designs have evolved, many with horizontal axes (i.e. both ends closed) with the outer cylinder rotating and the inner cylinder fixed, which provides best hydrodynamic stability. Some horizontal-axis Couette flocculators are flow-through designs, even with a tapered gap to provide taper flocculation However, horizontal-axis apparatuses suffer from end effects which cause secondary circulation, so only a limited central zone (about one quarter of the length) is in defined laminar flow. 

Fish (various species) Freshwater and seawater OECD 203, 204, 210 ISO 7346 and DIN 38412 L15 Static or flow through design... 

Ion-selective electrodes may be either of dipping or flow-through design. The former are used for general purpose, while the latter find specific application in anaerobic measurements. 

Flow Architecture and Fabrication of Flow-Through Design... 

Figure 9.4 Flow-through designs, (a) Radial flow architecture for a membraneless LFFC. (b) 3D porous electrodes with so-called "multiple inlets" concept. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [19). Copyright 2011, Elsevier.

Table 9.3 shows that the order of magnitude for the power density of membraneless LFFCs running on formic acid or methanol for flow-over design ranges from 0.1 to lmWcm , and for flow-through design from 1 to lOmWcm . ... 

Fig. 21 A-H. Possible indicator electrode construction designs. A Ball form (usually with glass membrane electrodes), B Pointed form (usually with ass membrane electrodes), C Flat form (glass membrane and solid-state electrodes), D Convex form ( ass membrane electrode), E Flowthrough design (glass membrane electrode), F Flow-through design (solid-state electrodes), G Flow-throu design (liquid membrane electrodes), H Microliter arrangement (solid-state electrodes)...

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