Flaxseed oil

Chemical Designations - Synonyms Flaxseed oil Raw linseed oil Chemical Formula Not applicable. Observable Characteristics - Physical State (as shipped) Liquid Color Pale yellow to dark amber Odor Like oil-base paint. 

Flachs-gewebe, n. linen goods, linen, -lein-wand, /. flax linen, -samen, m. flaxseed, linseed. -samenol, n. flaxseed oil, linseed oil. -stein, m. amianthus. 

Fertilizer Acid Filmerine Fish Oil Flaxseed Oil Flowers of Antimony Fluorine Fluoroethylene Fluorosilicic Acid Fluorosulfonic Acid Fluorosulfuric Acid Fluorspar Fluosilicic Acid Fluospar... 

Duda, M., O Shea, K., Tintinu, A., Xu, W., Khairallah, R., Barrows, B., Chess, D., Azimzadeh, A., and Harris, W. (2009). Fish oil, but not flaxseed oil, decreases inflammation and prevents pressure overload-induced cardiac dysfunction. Cardiovasc. Res. 81,319-327. 

Flaxseed oil content falls in the range 38 15% oil depending on location, cultivar, and environmental conditions (Daun et al., 2003 Oomah and Mazza, 1997). Kozlowska (1989) reported an average of 41.4% oil content for Polish cultivars. North Dakota flaxseed cultivars ranged from 31.9% to 37.8% oil (Hettiarachchy et al, 1990). Wakjira et al (2004) reported oil contents between 29.1% and 35.9% among flaxseed cultivars grown in Ethiopia. 

Ayorinde (2000) reported trilinolenate (sn-LnLnLn 35%) as the most predominant TAG in flaxseed oil. In a study, Holcapek et al. (2003) observed comparable results (Table I). TAG and diacylglycerol (DAG) composition of... 

Major flaxseed sterols are stigmasterol, camp sterol, and 5-5 avenasterol (Daun et al., 2003). Obtusifoliol, gramisterol, and citrostadienol constituted 45%, 22%, and 12%, respectively, of the total 4a-monomethylsterol in flaxseed (Kamm et al., 2001). Squalene content of flaxseed oil was reported as 4 mg/100 g oil, which was significantly lower than olive, corn, and rice bran oils. Squalene content is an intermediate compound of biosynthesis of plant sterols, which may have protective effects on lipid quality. Squalene could act as a peroxy radical scavengers in high polyunsaturated fatty acid oil (Dessi et al., 2002). 

Within the last decade, the health benefits of ALA have been documented in numerous studies and may be related to an improved n-6 to n-3 fatty acid intake. Nettleton (2003) summarized the recommendations of leading health organizations regarding the proper ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acid intake. Most organizations agree that a 5 1 to 10 1 n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio is preferred (Institute of Medicine, 2002 WHO/FAO, 2003). However, a typical western diet has an n-6 to n-3 fatty add ratio well beyond 10 1 thus, flaxseed can be a valuable lipid source to improve the n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio due to the high n-3 content of flaxseed oil. 

Caughey et al. (1996) reported that flaxseed oil inclusion into the diet of healthy volunteers resulted in 30% reduction in the production of the cytokines TNF-ot and IL-1 (3. These cytokines were inversely related to EPA levels in mononuclear cells. An intake of 1.8 g EPA and DHA per day and 9.0 g ALA per day over 4 weeks resulted in a 20%, 26%, and 36% reduction in IL-1 (3, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ), and Thromboxane B2 (TXB2),... 

Allman et al. (1995) noted that platelet EPA levels were more than double for individuals fed flaxseed oil compared to sunflower oil group. Platelet EPArarachidonic acid ratio (i.e., marker for thromboxane production and platelet aggregation potential) increased in the flaxseed group, thus a protective effect against cardiovascular disease, over LA-rich oils, would be expected. Their findings support the decreased platelet aggregation observed in hyperlipidemic subjects fed flaxseed (Bierenbaum et al., 1993). 

The benefits of flaxseed and flaxseed oil have been demonstrated in a number of animal and human studies. The resulting biological benefits may be related to the potential of ALA to block the formation and release of proinflammatory eicosanoids and cytokines, reducing apolipoprotein B formation, blocking platelet activation factor, and improving blood vessel flexibility (Morris, 2003b). 

Cameron et al. (1989) reported that flax oil prevented tumor formation in mice whereas mice on the corn oil and safflower oil diets had the greatest number of tumors. A diet consisting of 10% flax oil was sufficient to reduce tumor growth and metastasis in mice compared with corn or fish oil diets (Fritsche and Johnston, 1990). Although flaxseed and flaxseed oil and lig-nans have been shown to be beneficial, additional studies are needed to identify the mechanisms by which flaxseed or its components function to reduce prostate cancer. 

In contrast to ground flaxseed and SDG, ALA did not regulate glucose levels in elderly (Ezaki et al., 1992) and type-2 diabetic (McManus et al., 1996) populations fed 3 g/day and 35 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Kleeman et al. (1998) also reported that flaxseed oil had no effect on insulitis in diabetic-prone rats. In contrast to the antioxidant functions of SDG, in vivo oxidation of ALA may be in part one reason for the lack of activity of ALA in diabetes. 

Edible flaxseed oil is largely sold in organic food markets, thus mechanical pressing is preferred by the food industry due to the absence of alternative... 

In order to improve oxidative stability, supercritical C02 fluid extraction could be used for flaxseed oil extraction (Bozan and Temelli, 2002). This method demonstrated higher ALA content compared to soxhlet extraction. In contrast, tocopherol content was lower (Table XI). Temperature and pressure profiles did not alter the fatty add profile and exhibited similar results at 50 and 70°C and pressures of 35 and 55Mpa. Stability of oil was not reported, and since limited knowledge is available further research is required with regards to shelf life and comparisons to cold-pressing operation. 

Flaxseed oil has been proposed to be a valuable ingredient for ice cream products (Hall and Schwarz, 2002). Flaxseed oil replaced between 10% and 25% of the milk fat in ice cream formulas has been investigated. The 25% flaxseed product exhibited an oil-like mouth feel however, the presence of... 

FATTY ACID PROFILE OF A COMMERCIAL CHOCOLATE ICE CREAM AND A CHOCOLATE FROZEN DESSERT CONTAINING 25% FLAXSEED OIL"... 

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