Flash points, test methods

Unlike a fire point, ignition at the flash point temperature may not result in sustained combustion. There are several flash point test methods, and flash points may vary for the same material depending on the method used. Consequently, it is important that the test method is indicated when the flash point is given (150°PMCC, 200°TCC, etc.,). A closed cup type test is used most frequently for regulatory purposes. Flash point test methods are as follows ... 

This history clearly shows how the development of flash point test methods and testers was matched to the character of the fluid being tested. Today, D56-18T (or its current embodiment) is used to characterize not volatile hydrocarbons, but mixtures of water and alcohol, HCFCs/ HFCs/HFEs (Ref. 3, Chapter 22) and alcohols/hydrocarbons, multiple HCFCs/HFCs/HFEs, chlorinated and brominated hydrocarbons (Ref. 3, Chapters 20 and 21), mixtures of HCFCs/HFCs/HFEs and chlorinated hydrocarbons, and high-boiling alcohols/glycol ethers (Ref. 3, Chapter 14). All of these materials are separately used to clean parts. 

Flash Point Test. See Ignitioa(or Explosion) Temperature Test, described In this sect inn Flash Test for Caps. See Optical Method for Testing Caps Forty Degree Test. See under Exudation Tests... 

Flash point tests 1 XVI—XVII 6 F80—F96 flash and Are points by Cleveland open cup method 6 F80—F82 flashpoint 6 F80... 

The flash point test is a guide to the fire hazard associated with the use of the fuel the flash point can be determined by several test methods, and the results are not always strictly comparable. 

Cleveland open cup is used to determine flash and fire points of liquids with flash point above 79°C and below 400°C, such as plasticizers. Standard gives the methods of determination using manual and automatie Cleveland open cup apparatus. About 70 ml of test liquid is heated first rapidly then slowly on approaching an expected flash point. Test flame is apphed to surface to ignite vapors. Test flame is natural or bottled gas flame (full description included in the standard). Test flame is apphed first when the temperature is 28°C below expected flash point and then in 2 C intervals. 

In this section, flammability of the electrolyte is discussed. The flammability is determined by using several methods, i.e., burning test with UL94HB method, flash point test with ASTM D56 and ASTM D93 method, and limiting oxygen index test with JIS K 7,201 method. These test procedures sometimes are arranged with these requirements. 

Recognition that hydrocarbon blends used as jet fuels required a different flash point test led to the British-developed Setaflash tester in 1973, whose ASTM method became D3828. The difference is that the conventional closed cup and open cup methods involved an instantaneous ignition (or not) when a spark is applied, whereas the Setaflash method is one where the vapors and the liquid are at equilibrium. 

To ensure an acceptable precision, this dynamic flash point test employs a prescribed rate of temperature rise for the material under test. The rate of heating may not in all cases give the precision quoted in the test method because of the low thermal conductivity of certain materials. To improve the prediction of flammability, Test Method D 3941, which utilizes a slower heatiog rate, was developed. Test Method D 3941 provides conditions closer to equilibrium where the vapor above the liquid and the liquid are at about the same temperature. If a qiedfication requires Test Method D 36, do not change to D 3941 or other test method without permission from the specifier. 

Note A2.3—Materials, purities, flash point values and limits stated in Table A2.1 were develop in an ASTM interiaboratoiy program (see RR SI5-1010) to determine suitability of use for verification fluids in flash p( test methods. Other matmials, purities, flash point values, and Ufflits can be suitable when produced acooiding to the practices of ASTM RR D02-I0()7 or ISO Girides 34 and 35. Certificates of performance of such materials should be consulted before use, as the flash point value wUl vary dependent on the condition of each CRM batch. 

Flash point is the lowest temperature, corrected to normal atmospheric pressure (101.3 kPa), at which the application of an ignition somce causes the vapors of a specimen to ignite under the specific conditions of the test. Flash point determination methods are designed to be applied to a pure liquid but, in practice, mixtures are also evaluated. It is important to imderstand limitations of such data. The flash point of a solvent mixture can... 

Some of the tests and criterion used to define fire resistance may be found in the Hterature (9). Additionally, the compression—ignition and hot manifold tests as defined in MIL-H-19457 and MIL-H-5606, respectively the Wick test as defined by Federal Standards 791, Method 352 flash point and fire point as defined in ASTM D92 autoignition temperature as defined in ASTM D2155 and linear flame propagation rate are defined in ASTM D5306 are used. 

There are no universally accepted wet analytical methods for the characteri2ation of quaternary ammonium compounds. The American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS) has estabhshed, however, a number of appHcable tests (180). These include sampling, color, moisture, amine value, ash, iodine value, average molecular weight, pH, and flash point. 

Tables 16 and 17 Hst tke analytical test methods for different properties of interest. The Manufacturing Chemists Association, Inc. (MCA) has pubUshed the Chemical Safety Data Sheet SD 63, which describes in detail procedures for safe handling of use of toluene (46). The Interstate Commerce Commission classifies toluene as a flammable Hquid. Accordingly, it must be packaged in authorized containers, and shipping must comply with ICC regulations. Properties related to safe handling are autoignition temperature, 536°C explosive limits, 1.27—7.0 vol % in air and flash point 4.4°C, closed cup.

Flash Point (ASTMD92). The Cleveland open cup method is most commonly used although the Tag open cup (ASTM D3143) is apphcable to cutbacks. Flash point is an indication of fire hazard and the test is frequendy used to indicate whether a given product has been contaminated with materials of lower dash point. 

Inhibited grades of 1,1,1-trichloroethane are used in hundreds of different industrial cleaning appHcations. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane is preferred over trichloroethylene or tetrachloroethylene because of its lower toxicity. Additional advantages of 1,1,1-trichloroethane include optimum solvency, good evaporation rate, and no fire or flash point as determined by standard test methods. Common uses include cleaning of electrical equipment, motors, electronic components and instmments, missile hardware, paint masks, photographic film, printed ckcuit boards, and various metal and certain plastic components during manufacture (see Metal surface treatments). 

The flash point is the lowest temperature at which a liquid gives off sufficient vapor to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid or within the vessel used. ASTM test methods include procedures using a closed cup (ASTM D56, ASTM DOS, and ASTM D3828), which is preferred, and an open cup (ASTM D92 and ASTM D1310). When several values are available, the lowest temperature is usually taken in order to assure safe operation of the process. 

Flammability—Flash Point The closed-cup flash point determination produces the most important data to determine the potential for fire. The flash point is the lowest temperature at which the vapors can be ignited under conditions defined by the test apparatus and method. 

Flash Point - The flash point of a material is the lowest temperature at which vapors above a volatile substance will ignite in air when exposed to a flame. Depending on the test method used, the value of flash point temperature is either Tag Closed Cup (CC) based on ASTM D56 test method, or Cleveland Open Cup (CC) based on ASTM 093. The value provides a relative indication of the flammability of the chemical. 

Flammable liquid A liquid having a closed-cup flash point below 100°F (37.8°C) and having a Reid vapor pressure not exceeding 40 psia (2068.6 mm Hg) at 100°F (37.8°C), as determined by ASTM D 323, Standard Method of Test for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method). 

Methods of test for petroleum and its products. Determination of flash point. Pensky-Martens closed cup method. 

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