Flammable flashpoint

Alcohols — (ROH) are not very reactive. The lower molecular weight alcohols (methanol, ethanol, propanol) are completely miscible with water, but the heavier alcohols tend to be less soluble. Most common alcohols are flammable. Aromatic alcohols like phenol are not as flammable (flashpoint = 79°C) and are fairly water soluble ( 9 g/L). 

Every store room, cupboard, bin, tank and vessel used to store hfl is to be clearly and boldly marked Highly Flammable Flashpoint below 32 C Flashpoint in the range of 22°C to 32 C or some other appropriate indication. If impracticable to mark the store room etc, the words Highly Flammable Liquid shall be clearly and boldly marked as near as possible. 

Not more than 60 gallons of flammable (flashpoint below 140° F) or 120 gallons of combustible (flashpoint at or above 140° F) may be stored in any one storage cabinet. 

Cover the storage, handling and use of highly flammable liquids, viz. liquids with a flashpoint <32°C and which support combustion when tested m the prescribed ways. Also cover the manner of storage and the marking of storage accommodation for LPG, viz. commercial propane, commercial butane and any mixture of the two. 

Flashpoint — the lowest temperature of a liquid at whieh it gives off enough vapor to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surfaee of the liquid within the vessel used. Two tests are used—Open Cup and Closed Cup. Generally, the Open Cup method results in flashpoints 5° to 10° higher than the Closed Cup method. Flashpoint < 140°F (Closed Cup) is the eriterion used by EPA to deeide whether a ehemieal is hazardous by ignitability. DOT defines materials with flashpoints of < 100°F as flammable materials, and between 100° and 200°F as eombustible. 

Ethers — (R-O-R) are low on the scale of chemical reactivity. Aliphatic ethers are generally volatile, flammable liquids with low boiling points and low flashpoints. Well known hazardous ethers include diethyl ether, dimethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran. Beyond their flammability, ethers present an additional hazard they react with atmospheric oxygen in the presence of light to form organic peroxides. 

Flammability, the tendency of a material to bum, can only be subjectively defined. Many materials that we normally do not consider flammable will bum, given high enough temperatures. Neither can flammability be gauged by the heat content of materials. Fuel oil has a higher heat content than many materials considered more flammable because of their lower flashpoint. In fact, flashpoint has become the... 

Standard for gauging flammability. The most common systems for designating flammability are the Department of Transportation (DOT) definitions, the National Fire Protection Association s (NFPA) system, and the Environmental Protection Agency s (EPA) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act s (RCRA) definition of ignitable wastes, all of which use flashpoint in their schemes. The NFPA diamond, which comprises the backbone of the NFPA Hazard Signal System, uses a four-quadrant diamond to display the... 

Class lA liquids with flashpoints below 73°F and boiling points below 100°F. An example of a Class lA flammable liquid is n-pentane (NFPA Diamond 4). 

Class IB liquids with flashpoints below 73°F and boiling points at or above 100°F. Examples of Class IB flammable liquids are benzene, gasoline, and acetone (NFPA Diamond 3). 

Class IC liquids with flashpoints at or above 73°F and below 100°F. Examples of Class IC flammable liquids are turpentine and n-butyl acetate (NFPA Diamond 3). 

Class II liquids with flashpoints at or above 100°F but below 140°F. Examples of Class II flammable liquids are kerosene and camphor oil (NFPA Diamond 2). 

The flash point represents the minimum temperature at which an ignitable mixture exists above a liquid surface. By definition, flashpoints are inapplicable to gases. Some solids, e.g. naphthalene and camphor, are easily volatilized on heating so that flammable mixtures develop above the solid surface and hence flash points can be determined. (However, although these substances can be ignited, they generally need to be heated above their flash points in order for combustion to be sustained ttiis is the fire point .)... 

However, to focus attention on the potential hazards always associated with the use of flammable and especially highly flammable substances, some 560 gases and liquids with flash points below 25° C and/or autoignition temperature below 225°C have been included in the text, their names prefixed with a dagger. The numerical values of the fire hazard-related properties of flashpoint, autoignition temperature and explosive (flammability) limits in air where known are given in the tabular Appendix 2. Those elements or compounds which ignite on exposure to air are included in the text, but not in the Table. 

However, if the fuel is in the form of droplets in air, it can be flammable at temperatures below the flashpoint. Droplet size will also play a role in this aerosol region. 

TL = flashpoint or the saturation temperature corresponding to the lower flammable... 

The well-known flashpoint is a measure of the flammability of liquids. 

Autoignition temperature Flashpoint Flammability limits Conversion factors... 

FLASHPOINT (METHOD USED) 105 DEG C (ignited by large explosive charges) FLAMMABILITY LIMITS (% by volume) Unknown... 

FLASHPOINT 121 DEG C (Open Cup) FLAMMABILITY LIMITS Unknown LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT Not applicable UPPER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT Not applicable... 

FLASHPOINT (Method Used) Unknown FLAMMABILITY LIMITS Unknown... 

Potential hazards (flammability, corrosivity, etc.) are reviewed to identify concerns regarding the storage and handling of reactive chemicals, and information is obtained from raw material suppliers (e.g., technical bulletins). Flashpoint, DSC, or differential thermal analysis (DTA) testing is typically done by the customer. 

Vapor pressure, mm Hg Henry s law constant Autoignition temperature Flashpoint, °C Flammability limits... 

A critical safety issue of using diesel-ethanol blends relates to flashpoint and flammability. E-diesel blends containing 10-15% ethanol have the vapor pressure and flammability limits of ethanol. This means that ethanol concentrations in enclosed spaces such as fuel storage and vehicle fuel tanks are flammable over the temperature range 13-42 °C. Thus, there are higher risks of fire and explosion than with diesel fuel, or even gasoline. Other vehicle performance-related concerns are (a) a decreased maximum power (b) an increased incidence of fuel pump vapor lock and (c) a reduced fuel pump and fuel injector life due to the decreased lubricity of ethanol. 

Physical and Chemical Properties. The physical and chemical properties of heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide are sufficiently well defined to allow assessments of the environmental fate of the compounds to be made (ACGIH 1986 Chapman 1989 HSDB 1990a MacKay 1982 OHM/TADS 1985a, 1985b). Some physical and chemical properties of heptachlor epoxide that are not relevant to environmental fate are lacking. Knowledge of these properties, such as odor, flashpoint, and flammability limits, would be useful for workers involved in the manufacture, use, or clean-up of heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide. 

Preventing fire risk by improving design Increasing the distances between possible flashpoints and flammable materials may be sufficient. 

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