Flagellate

Very careful analysis of trace elements can have a major effect on human life. A notable example can be seen in the career of Clair Patterson (1922-1995) (memoir by Flagel 1996), who made it his life s work to assess the origins and concentrations of lead in the atmosphere and in human bodies minute quantities had to be measured and contaminant lead from unexpected sources had to be identified in his analyses, leading to techniques of clean analysis . A direct consequence of Patterson s scrupulous work was a worldwide policy shift banning lead in gasoline and manufactured products. 

Geissel, /. flagellum, cilium whip, scourge, -farbung, /. (Micros.) flagellum staining, -tierchen, n. (Biol.) flagellate. 

Trichomonas vaginalis is a ubiquitous sexually transmitted anaerobic flagellate causing vaginitis in women and prostate gland infection in men. 

Flagella are threads of protein often 2fim. long which start as small basal organs just beneath the cytoplasmic membrane. They are responsible for the movement of motile bacteria. Their number and distribution varies. Some species bear a single flagellum, others are flagellate over their whole surface. 

The specific microbes used depends on many factors, for example, the particular formation involved, the specific hydrocarbons in the formation, and the desired microbial action on these formation hydrocarbons. The microbes may be aerobic or anaerobic and may or may not require one or more additional nutrients (e.g., naturally ocurring or injected) to be included in the formation. Highly mobile microbes, such as flagellated or ciliated bacilli, are useful. The microbes are sized so that they are mobile in the connate water of the formation [966]. 

Lurlenic acid (23) is the sex pheromone produced by the female gametes of the green flagellate Chlamydomonas allensworthii to attract the male gametes. Mori s synthesis of 23 is summarized in Scheme 36 [59]. The aglycone part C was prepared by coupling A with B. 

Light harvesting (2) Purely glycolytic (3) Flagellates (4) Nitric oxide... 

Leedale, C.F. The Euglenoid Flagellates, Englewood Cliffs, N. J. Prentice Hall 1967... 

Marbach and Mayer74) found a similar inhibition of phototactic orientation in the flagellate Chlamydomonas when they applied an external electric field of 10 V/cm. This voltage introduced a potential of about lOmV into the cells. Movement was not impaired by the field in either Chlamydomonas or Phormidium. 

Trichomoniasis is caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, a flagellated, motile protozoan that is responsible for 3 million to 5 million cases per year in the United States. 

A variety of biotin-requiring microorganisms have been used to assay biotin Saccharomyces cerevisiae (H6), Lactobacillus casei (S2), Lactobacillus arabinosus (now L. plantarum ATCC No. 8014) (W14), Micrococcus sodonensis (Al), Neurospora crassa (H10), and Rhizobium tri-folii (W7). None have been applied successfully for assaying biotin in biologic fluids. Because the flagellate Ochromoms danica had a specific and sensitive biotin requirement (A2), it was utilized as a reagent for biotin in blood, serum, urine, brain, and liver tissue (B3b). 

Throndsen, J. (1973). Motility in some marine nanoplankton flagellates, Norweg. J. Zool., 21, 193-200. 

Although perhaps not an attraction to nutrients in a strict sense, symbiotic dino-flagellates (zooxanthellae) have been known for some time to be attracted to host invertebrates (which ultimately provide them with nutrients), presumably via chemical cues from the hosts (Kinzie 1974 Fitt 1984). These cues may include ammonia and nitrate released from the host (Fitt 1984). Recently Pasternak et al. (2004) demonstrated chemoattraction by Symbiodinium sp. to cell-free homogenates of juvenile soft coral polyps, which did not previously have symbiotic zooxanthellae, but not to adult polyps, which did already have symbiotic algae. The attraction was subsequently shown to be a true chemotactic response with an additional chemoki-netic effect of the algae swimming slower in the presence of host chemical cues (Pasternak et al. 2006). 

Ista LK, Callow ME, Finlay JA, Coleman SE, Nolasco AC, Simons RH, Callow JA, Lopez GP (2004) Effect of substratum surface chemistry and surface energy on attachment of marine bacteria and algal spores. Appl Environ Microbiol 70 4151 4157 Jaenicke L, MamerFJ (1995) Lurlene, the sexual pheromone ofthe green flagellate Chlamydomonas allensworthii. Liebigs Ann 1995 1343-1345... 

Trypanasoma brucei causes sleeping sickness in humans. These flagellated parasites are directly exposed to immune defences as they circulate in the mammalian host bloodstream but maintain persistent infections by undergoing antigenic variation. These parasites have been reported to have certain unusual histone modifications where the N-terminal alanine of H2A, H2B, H4 get... 

Lindmark DG, Mtlller M. 1973. Hydrogenosome, a cytoplasmic organelle of the anaerobic flagellate Tritrichomonas foetus, and its role in pyruvate metabolism. J Biol Chem 248 7724-8. 

Nanoplankton 2.0 to 20 jjum Protists Mycoplankton Phytoplankton Amoebae, flagellates, Euglenozoa, dinoflagellates Yeasts and fungi Coccolithophorids, Phaeocystis, dinoflagellates ... 

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