Fish vaccines

Fish vaccines (draft, discussed in working party) III/3590/92... 

Chitosan microspheres act as promising carriers for oral pDNA vaccine in comparison with fish vaccinated with naked pDNA A relative percent survival (RPS) rate of 46% was recorded. Sea bass (Lales calcarifer) orally vaccinated with chitosan-DNA (pVAOMP38) complex showed moderate protection against experimental V. anguillarum infection Squalane oil-containing W/O/W multiple emulsion formulations can significantly enhance the local and systemic immune responses, especially after oral administration... 

GUDMUNDSDOTTIR B K and BJORNSDOTTIR B (2007) Vaccination against atypical furunculosis and winter ulcer disease of fish. Vaccine, 25, 5512-5523. 

G. Cowan, Licensing fish vaccines - a tightly regulated area. Fish Farmer, 2002, 25, 39 0. 

M. F. Tatner, Fish vaccines, in Vaccines for Veterinary Applications, ed. A. R. Peters, Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd, Oxford, 1993, pp. 199-224. 

H. L. Leira and K. J. Baalsrud, Self-injection of fish vaccine can cause anaphylaxis, Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 1992, 18, 410. 

Maurice, S Dekel, M Shoseyov, O Gerder, A. Cellulose beads bound to cellulose binding domain-fused recombinant proteins an adjuvant system for parenteral vaccination of fish. Vaccine, 2003, 21(23), 3200-7. 

BRAVO s and midtlyng pj (2007), The use of fish vaccines in the Chilean salmon industry 1999-2003 , Aquaculture, 270,36-42. 

With terrestrial animals, vaccination is regarded as the primary means of disease control where application is often by injection and protection reflects antibody levels, but the numbers of individuals needed to be vaccinated is comparatively low compared with the populations in intensive aquaculture facilities. The flrst bacterial fish vaccine was described by Duff (1942), who used chloroform-inactivated cells of Aeromonas salmonicida to protect cutthroat trout Salmo clarki) against furunculosis. There is evidence that interest in vaccines declined with the availability and effectiveness of antibiotics, but the subsequent development and spread of antibiotic-resistance rekindled research in vaccinology. Nevertheless despite the increasing number of serious fish pathogens, only a comparatively few commercial products have entered the market place. Moreover, interest has focused on less than half of aU the bacteria taxa described as fish pathogens. 

Table 9.1 Examples of formalin-inactivated bacterial fish vaccines... 

There has certainly been a rush to use new technologies for the development of bacterial fish vaccines. 

NORQUIST, A., BERGMAN, A., SKOGMAN, G. and WOLF-WATZ, H. (1994) A field trial with the live attenuated fish vaccine strain Vibrio anguillarum VANIOOO. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists 14,156-158. 

POOBALANE, S., THOMPSON, K.D., ARD6, L., VERJAN, N., HAN, H.-J., JENEY, G., HIRONO, I., AOKI, T. and ADAMS, A. (2010) Production and efficacy of an Aeromonas hydrophila recombinant S-layer protein vaccine for fish. Vaccine 28,3540-3547. 

ZHU, K., CHI, z., LI, J., ZHANG, F., LI, M., YASODA, H.N. and wu, L. (2006) The suiface display of haemolysin from Vibrio harveyi on yeast cells and their potential applications as live vaccines in marine fish. Vaccine 24, 6046-6052. 

There are many studies in the literature that discuss the use of Freund s adjuvants in fish vaccines. A range of fish species and diseases have been investigated and the results reported to date have been mixed. The examples below describe fish diseases caused by a variety of pathogens. 

Montanide is a metabolizable oil adjuvant that has been used in both mammalian and fish vaccines (Lawrence et al. 1997 Ravelo et al. 2006). 

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