Fischer, Nobel prize

Emil Fischer - Nobel prize - http //www.nobelprize.org/nobel prizes/chemistry/laureates/1902/fischer-bio.html... 

Fischer was the foremost or game chemist of the late nineteenth century He won the 1902 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his pioneering work in carbohydrate and protein chemistry... 

Fischer determined the struc ture of glucose in 1900 and won the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1902... 

Structure of ferrocene elucidated organometallic chemistry burgeons Nobel Prize awarded jointly to E. O. Fischer and G. Wilkinson 1973,... 

As already mentioned, the glucoamylase project was chosen to illustrate Emil Fischer s lock and key concept for enzyme specificity. It is seen that his vision has become unequivocally established. Many other developments could have been chosen, as can be appreciated from recent reviews by Hehre (54) and by Svensson (55). Comforth (56) provided a fine overview of asymmetry and enzyme action in his Nobel prize lecture. Noteworthy is the conclusion that stereospecificity is something not just incidental, but essential to enzyme catalysis. In other words, the key must fit the lock. 

Any of a broad class of phosphoryl-transfer enzymes [EC 2.7.1.x] that catalyze the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of proteins, most often occurring at seryl, threo-nyl, and tyrosyl residues. These enzymes are central participants in cellular signal transduction pathways, and their discovery and recognition as primary control components of the cell culminated in the award of the 1992 Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology to American enzymologists Edwin Krebs and Edward Fischer. There is reason to believe that approximately 2% of the coding sequences in the human genome specify some 2000 different kinases that phosphorylate protein substrates. The prototypical enzyme is known as 3, 5 -cAMP-stimulated protein kinase (or, protein kinase A). See specific protein kinase... 

Methane is the principal gas found with coal and oil deposits and is a major fuel and chemical used is the petrochemical industry. Slightly less than 20% of the worlds energy needs are supplied by natural gas. The United States get about 30% of its energy needs from natural gas. Methane can be synthesized industrially through several processes such as the Sabatier method, Fischer Tropsch process, and steam reforming. The Sabatier process, named for Frenchman Paul Sabatier (1854—1941), the 1912 Nobel Prize winner in chemistry from France, involves the reaction of carbon dioxide and hydrogen with a nickel or ruthenium metal catalyst C02 + 4H2 —> CH4 + 2H20. 

Acetylation and formylation are classical reactions in porphyrin chemistry. H. Fischer s synthesis of hemin, for which he was awarded the 1930 Nobel prize, required treatment of deuterohemin (49) with acetic anhydride (or acetyl chloride) in the presence of tin(IV) chloride as a Friedel-Crafts catalyst the product, 3,8-diacetyldeuterohemin-IX (50), was obtained in high yield. Fischer also accomplished formylation of iron porphyrins using dichloromethyl methyl ether and a Friedel-Crafts catalyst (B-37MI30700). Both of Fischer s examples resulted in peripheral substitution of unsubstituted iron porphyrins. However,... 

Nobel prize in chemistry with Kurt Alder in 1950. He was awarded the prize for diene synthesis work, which led to improved methods of analyzing and synthesizing organic compounds. His research resulted in the discovery of carbon suhoxide. methods of dehydrating cyclical hydrocarbons using selenium, and determination of the structure of steroids. A student of Fischer -, he graduated from the University of Berlin. 

Fischer and Krebs were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine lor their work on biological regulation mechanisms in 1992. 

FISCHER, ERNST OTTO (I9I8-). A German inorganic chemist who won the Nobel prize lor chemistry in 1973 with Geoffrey Wilkinson for their independent work on the chemistry of organomctallic "sandwich compounds. He was the contributor to many publications on organiimeiallic ehemislry. His education and work were primarily in Munich. 

FISCHER, HANS (1881-1945). A German biochemist who studied under Emil Fischer. He was awarded the Nobel prize in chemistry in 1930 lor his synthesis of the blood pigment hcmin. He also did important fundamental research on chlorophyll, and porphyrins, and carotene. 

WILKINSON, GEOFFREY (1921-1996). A British organic chemist who won the Nobel prize for chemistry in 1973 with F,rnst Otto Fischer, for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the org an o metal lie. so called sandwich compounds. He was a professor at the University of California and Harvard before returning as professor of inorganic chemistry at the University of London. 

Wilkinson s catalyst after its discoverer, G. Wilkinson. In 1973, the Nobel Prize in chemistry was awarded jointly to Wilkinson and E. O. H. Fischer for their respective contributions to the field of organometallic chemistry. As you will see in this and later chapters, compounds with carbon-metal bonds (organometallic compounds) are extremely useful reagents, reactive intermediates, or catalysts in organic reactions. To a very large extent, the work of Fischer and Wilkinson created the current interest and developments in the field of transition-metal organic chemistry, which will be discussed in Chapter 31. 

Emil Fischer Berlin Univ., Germany lock-and-key concept (Nobel prize 1902)... 

There are many other examples of individuals who are not computational chemists but who are well known for their scientific contributions. Walter Kohn, a pioneer of density functional theory, graduated from the University of Toronto (B.A., 1945 M.A., 1946) and received his Ph.D. in physics from Harvard in 1948. He has received many awards (including the 1998 Nobel Prize in Chemistry) for his research in the theory of solids during his long association with the Department of Physics at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Charlotte Froese Fischer, well known for her computations on atoms,295 graduated from the University of British Columbia (B.A., 1952 M.A., 1954) and earned her Ph.D. in 1957 for research carried out under the supervision of D. R. Hartree at Cambridge. She returned to UBC in 1957 and rose through the ranks to become a professor of mathematics. She later became a professor of computer science, briefly at Waterloo, then at Penn State, and more recently at Vanderbilt University. 

Figure 3.3 Nobel Prize winning chemist Emil Fischer at work in his laboratory. Corbis...

Emil Hermann Fischer, born October 9, 1852, in Euskirchen, Germany, received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1902 for his elucidations of the structure of sugars and the synthesis of purines. His father, a very successful lumber merchant, intended Emil to join the family business upon completion of his secondary school education. Young Fischer showed exceptional abilities as a student in the natural sciences, particularly in physics. In 1859 he dutifully entered his father s business, but showed little aptitude for commerce. In frustration his father enrolled him at the University of Bonn in 1871 to study chemistry, which at least had practical applications. 

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