Carbon monoxide reductions

The iron carbide process is alow temperature, gas-based, fluidized-bed process. Sized iron oxide fines (0.1—1.0 mm) are preheated in cyclones or a rotary kiln to 500°C and reduced to iron carbide in a single-stage, fluidized-bed reactor system at about 590°C in a process gas consisting primarily of methane, hydrogen, and some carbon monoxide. Reduction time is up to 18 hours owing to the low reduction temperature and slow rate of carburization. The product has the consistency of sand, is very britde, and contains approximately 6% carbon, mostly in the form of Ee C. 

CAMET control catalyst was shown to obtain 80% NO reduction and 95% carbon monoxide reduction in this appHcation in the Santa Maria, California cogeneration project. The catalyst consists of a cormgated metal substrate onto which the active noble metal is evenly deposited with a washcoat. Unlike the typical 20 on titania turbine exhaust catalysts used eadier in these appHcations, the CAMET catalyst is recyclable (52). 

Carbon Monoxide Reduction at Ruthenium. Carbon monoxide can be reduced to both methane and methanol under conditions nearly identical to those for the reduction of carbon dioxide (Table I, All experiments, using one electrode, are presented in the order they were performed). 

When the temperature is raised to 75 °C a decrease in the rate of carbon monoxide reduction is observed with a parallel decrease in the faradaic efficiency. When the electrode is used a second time for carbon monoxide reduction at 60 °C, after it was used for electrolysis at 75 °C, (last entry in Table I) it shows considerable deactivation. The reduction of carbon dioxide also shows a similar... 

Carbon Monoxide Reduction at Copper. At copper electrodes carbon monoxide is thought to be an intermediate in the reduction of carbon dioxide and is formed as the major product with nitric acid pretreated electrodes (2 and Kim, J. J. Summers, D. P. Frese, K. W., Jr. J. Electroanal. Chem. in press.). As the data in Table IV indicates, methane can be formed by carbon monoxide reduction at... 

As is well known, starting in 1923, Franz Fischer, Tropsch et al. developed the synthesis of hydrocarbons by carbon monoxide reduction to a technical process. They developed highly efficient multicomponent catalysts of the cobalt, nickel and iron type for this synthesis (43). 

Carbon brings about reduction of arsenious oxide at a temperature below red heat,11 while in carbon monoxide reduction begins at 60° C.12 The numerous reactions of arsenious oxide with organic compounds are described in Vol. XI, Part II, of this Series. Silicon tetrachloride heated for 30 hours at 270° to 280° C. with the oxide yields arsenic trichloride,13 whilst silicochloroform when heated with the oxide in the presence of aqueous sodium hydroxide-or sodium hydrogen carbonate... 

Facile isocyanide insertion reactions into metal-carbon, -nitrogen, -sulfur, -oxygen, - hydride, and - halide bonds have been found to readily occur. The insertion into metal-hydrides to give stable formimidines is particularly noteworthy since corresponding formyls (—CHO) are exceptionally difficult to synthesize and tend to be very unstable. There is a great deal of interest in carbon monoxide reductions, and the instability of the intermediate reduction products has made a study of the reduction process extremely difficult. Recently, however, the interaction of isocyanides with zirconium hydrides has allowed the isolation of the individual reduction steps of the isocyanide which has provided a model study for carbon monoxide reduction (39). 

Chromium hexacarbonyl Chromium acetylacetonate, carbon monoxide Reduction 75... 

A search for organisms with novel metabolic and bioenergetic pathways, particularly pathways involved in carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide reduction and methane oxidation coupled with electron acceptors other than oxygen ... 

S) Reduction of the Oxide with Carbon Monoxide.—Reduction of cobalto-cobaltic oxide to the metal takes place rapidly, and is quite complete at 900° C. Between 350° and 450° C. the reaction is very interesting. At first some oxide is reduced to metallic cobalt after a time the finely divided metal decomposes the carbon monoxide, depositing solid carbon, presumably in the same way as its analogue, iron, namely ... 

In the presence of a reducing agent such as carbon or carbon monoxide, reduction of nitrogen oxide will take place (Chan et al, 1983) ... 

In the mid-twentieth century, an important paper was reported by Turkevich et al. [13]. Gold nanoparticles were prepared with various methods involving phosphorous and carbon monoxide reductions of [AuCU] in solution and characterized by electron microscopy. It is noteworthy that gold nanoparticles with quite narrow size distributions and small mean diameters in the range of 10 to... 

Metallic aluminum is sufficiently active that it reduces carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide (Eq. 12.17). This means that the favorable aspects of a solid-gas, alumina-carbon monoxide reduction cannot be utilized. However, good yields have been obtained experimentally by carrying out the reduction in two steps. The first step requires formation of the carbide (Eq. 12.23). Eollowing this, the temperature of the system is raised another 100-200°C to obtain aluminum by the reaction of aluminum carbide with alumina (Eq. 12.24). 

Binuclear carbonyl complexes with M—M bond analogous to Mn2(CO)io have been prepared for technetium and rhenium. The rhenium analogue has been synthesized by the carbon monoxide reduction of Rc207 or KRe04 (eq (5)) [3] or by reduction of anhydrous Re(III) or Re(V) chloride by sodium under CO pressure (eq (6)). [15]. The physical and structural properties of Tc2(CO),o and Re2(CO)io are listed in Table 9.1. 

IIIE) Sales, B. C., Turner, J. E., Maple, M. B. The Oxidation and Carbon Monoxide Reduction... 

Under certain conditions, such as exposure/to particular catalytic materials, each of these reactions may give yields asjiigh as SO per cent or more of theoretical. Each of these reactions are Reversible, practically completely so, under certain conditions where side reactions and decompositions are largely eliminated. Secondary decomposition of acetaldehyde to methane and carbon monoxide, reduction of the ethylene by hydrogen to ethane, break down of ether to lower molecular weight compounds, polymerizations, etc., so involve any equilibrium relations that the relative rates of the different reactions as well as the equilibria are difficult to obtain experimentally. Even where specific and directive catalysts are used, side reactions are present and complicate any precise analysis of the decomposition mechanism. 

An experimental study of cobaltous silicate, Co2Si04, is launched. In a two-pronged approach, the carbon monoxide reduction of Co2Si04, and of CoO, are studied. For these reactions ... 

MDI by Carbonylation. Nonphosgene production of MDI can be accomplished by forming urethanes that undergo decomposition to isocyanates. Two routes have been demonstrated for the formation of urethanes using carbon monoxide, reductive carbonylation and oxidative carbonylation. However, there is a disadvantage in the reductive carbonylation route because two-thirds of the carbon monoxide required for the reaction forms... 

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