Anchor systems

With regards to the connection of wallboards to masonries, a number of studies have experimentally shown that, besides the adhesion by resin, a further mechanical anchoring is recommended, which can be obtained with composite or metal material. 

Besides the traditional metal plates, it is possible to have composite material anchoring, which mainly consist of ropes made of unidirectional fibers (Fig. 6.11). 

Anchoring occurs very often after the polymerization stage by drilling the composite and, thus, cutting the fibers, which results in a reduction of the final properties, and then by applying the staple, impregnating them by hand. In order to avoid the fiber cutting so as to improve the final mechanical features of the system, it is 

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This method has a simple straightforward logic for even complex systems. Multinested loops are handled like ordinary branched systems, and it can be extended easily to handle dynamic analysis. However, a huge number of equations is involved. The number of unknowns to be solved is roughly equal to six times the number of node points. Therefore, in a simple three-anchor system, the number of equations to be solved in the flexibiUty method is only 12, whereas the number of equations involved in the direct stiffness method can be substantially larger, depending on the actual number of nodes. 

This temperature is reported as a guide. Actual use limit depends on such factors as appHcation, constmction, fiber thermal stabiUty, and anchoring system. 

Maximum Reactions for Simple Systems For two-anchor systems without intermediate restraints, the maximum instantaneous values of reaction forces and moments may be estimated from Eqs, (10-105) and (10-106),... 

Maximum Reactions for Simple Systems For two-anchor systems without intermediate restraints, the maximum instantaneous values... 

Maximum Reactions for Complex Systems Eor multianchor systems and for two-anchor systems with intermediate restraints, Eqs. (10-106) and (10-107) are not applicable. Each case must be studied to estimate the location, nature, and extent of local overstrain and its effect on stress distribution and reactions. 

The list of economically attractive reactive heterocyclic intermediates also includes dichloroquinoxalines 9 and dichlorophthalazines 10. Anchor systems in both cases are bound to the chromophore via a carbonylamino group, and the reactivities correspond roughly to those of dichlorotriazinyl dyes. 

Mixed-anchor systems in reactive dyes were first described in 1959. Such bifunctional dyes were first marketed in the early 1980s. These products are characterized by two anchors with differing reactivities a more reactive 2-sulfo-hydroxyethylsulfonyl group and a less reactive monochlorotriazinyl residue. An example of such a system is 14 ... 

Warm- and cold-dyeing double-anchor dyes are prepared by incorporating halo-triazinyl and vinylsulfonyl reactive anchors. The bond between the triazine ring and a fiber is stable under basic conditions, whereas that to the vinylsulfonyl group is stable to acid. A combination of the two anchor systems therefore produces a dye with... 

The introduction of more than two anchor groups has only a minor influence on dye fixation characteristics, so multiple-anchor dyes play only a subordinate role in the world market. One example is a multiple-anchor system, in which cyanuric chloride is bound to an amine with two aliphatic 2-chloroethylsulfonyl chains (16) [36] ... 

Because of their symmetry, all such triphenodioxazine reactive dyes feature double or even fourfold anchor systems. However, dyes with only one anchor group can be prepared by adding a single equivalent of acylating agent. Most asymmetric products of this type are based on l,4-phenylenediamine-2-sulfonic... 

In an analogous reaction, use of a diamine affords dyes with both VS and amino groups. Subsequent acylation of the free amino groups produces the four-anchor system 37 [67]. 

Figure 4.1 Reactivities of established anchor systems and optimum dyeing temperatures in exhaustion dyeing.

Stability of the Dye-Fiber Bond. Because of the large variety of reactive dyes, generalizations about colorfastness are difficult. While wetfastness is determined mainly by the anchor system used, most other fastness properties depend on the dye as a whole or the chromophore present. Most reactive dyes are azo or anthra-quinone derivatives whose standard of fastness varies greatly. Phthalocyanine, formazan, and triphenodioxazine derivatives are also very important. In addition, application conditions and finishing processes of the dyed goods can affect fastness properties. Thus, with some resin-finished textiles (dimethylolpropyleneurea finish) a decrease in lightfastness is observed. 

One aim of the introduction of heterobifunctional anchor systems has been to combine the good fastness profiles of different anchor systems (see Section 3.1). 

An important step forward was achieved with the introduction of double- or multiple-anchor dyes. These can be homo- or heterofunctional (mixed-anchor systems). When dyes are provided with anchors of different reactivity, a wide range of dyeing properties can be realized. At the same time, process reliability and dyefastness are improved. Thus far, combination of the triazine and vinylsulfone anchors has had the best effect. 

I. The PLAATO device (Fig. I) was the first device to be implanted in a human LAA in August 2001. Its nitinol framework features a tissue-anchoring system on the struts to maintain the correct position once deployed. The orifice of the LAA is sealed... 

Structural adhesives General-purpose adhesives Crack injecting systems Anchoring systems Grouts... 

Anchoring systems are materials used mainly for securing bolts, bars, tendons or dowels in drilled or formed holes in concrete, masonry or natural rock. Polyester anchors are widely used because of their fast curing property and high early strength (Fosroc International, undated a). Epoxy anchors are applied in areas where there is a risk of alkaline hydrolysis. 

Scheme 13.26 gives the detail of the anchoring system to the protein. A phosphodiester bridge links the mannose to an ethanolamine molecule. The carboxylic end of the protein is attached to ethanolamine by an amide bond. 

A pancake collapse is characterized by both supporting walls failing or by the anchoring system failing and the supported roof or upper floor falling parallel to the floor below. Small voids where victims can be found are created by debris. 

A lean-to collapse occurs when only one side of the supporting walls or floor anchoring system fails. One side of the collapsed roof is attached to the remaining wall or anchoring system. The lean-to collapse creates a significant void near the remaining wall. 

Thirdly, a considerable effort has been directed towards understanding the stcrcodirecting influence of electronegative substituents at C-4 of cyclohexanones89 91. In particular, it has been found that in conformationally anchored systems such substituents can have a very significant influence in promoting axial hydride delivery, provided they are themselves axially directed, e.g., the reduction of the bicyclo[4.4.0]decane systems below89-128. In each case control experiments on comparable equatorially substituted systems revealed effects which were very much smaller. 

Ft = 750 lbs. (This figure may be any one the designer may choose, but preferably one that conforms to his standard anchoring system). 

The absence of tierods where they should be used is one of the most frequent hazards in existing piping systems. This section will show the conditions which require tierods to make a piping system safe and provide the tools to simplify the design of tierods and other anchor systems. 

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