Fires measures

Babrauskas, V., Upholstered furniture room fires—Measurements, comparison with furniture calorimeter data, and flashover predictions, J. Fire Sci., 2, 5-19 (1984). 

J.-R, Shea, R., and Crutzen, P. J. (1996). Black carbon formation by savanna fires Measurements and implications for the global carbon cycle. /. Geophys. Res. 101, 23,651-23,665. 

The reasons why managing fire safety is important >- Understanding how fire starts, develops and spreads >- Measures required to reduce the risk of fire > Measures required to protect people in the event of fire... 

Chikazawa, Y., Katoh, A., Yamamoto, T., Kubo, S., Iwasaki, M., Kara, H., Shimakawa, Y., Sakaba, H., 2014. Performance Evaluation on Secondary Sodium Fire Measures in JSFR. In Proceedings of ICAPP 2014, April 6—9, 2014, Paper 14106, Charlotte, USA. 

Kuhlbusch, T.A.J. Andreae, M.O. Cachier, H. Goldammer, J.G. Lacaux, J.-P. Shea, R. Crutzen, P.J., 1996 Black Carbon Formation by Savannah Fires Measurements and Implications for the Global Carbeon Cycle , in Journal of Geophysical Research, 101 23651-23665. 

Thus, against this measure, the fire hazard is 3.5 times larger for operation at 150°C compared with operation at 100 C. 

Fire Resista.nce. Many fillers, particularly inorganic oxides, are noncombustible and provide a measure of passive fire resistance to filled plastics by reducing the volume of combustible matter in the filled composition. Depending on their density, they may also serve as insulation. 

One problem associated with discussing flame retardants is the lack of a clear, uniform definition of flammabiHty. Hence, no clear, uniform definition of decreased flammabiHty exists. The latest American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) compilation of fire tests Hsts over one hundred methods for assessing the flammabiHty of materials (2). These range in severity from small-scale measures of the ignitabiHty of a material to actual testing in a full-scale fire. Several of the most common tests used on plastics are summarized in Table 1. 

The Ohio State University (OSU) calorimeter (12) differs from the Cone calorimeter ia that it is a tme adiabatic instmment which measures heat released dufing burning of polymers by measurement of the temperature of the exhaust gases. This test has been adopted by the Federal Aeronautics Administration (FAA) to test total and peak heat release of materials used ia the iateriors of commercial aircraft. The other principal heat release test ia use is the Factory Mutual flammabiHty apparatus (13,14). Unlike the Cone or OSU calorimeters this test allows the measurement of flame spread as weU as heat release and smoke. A unique feature is that it uses oxygen concentrations higher than ambient to simulate back radiation from the flames of a large-scale fire. 

CAL 133. California Technical Bulletin 133 is a test of the fire hazard associated with upholstered furniture (22). The test is carried out by igniting a standard fire source directiy on the piece of furniture being tested. In the most recent version of the test, the fire source is a gas flame. Smoke, heat, and toxic gas emissions are measured dufing the test. A related test, BS 5852, uses various wooden cribs as the fire source (23). 

Miscellaneous chemicals are used to modify the final properties of rigid polyurethane foams. Eor example, halogenated materials are used for flammabihty reduction, diols may be added for toughness or flexibiUty, and terephthalate-based polyester polyols may be used for decreased flammabiUty and smoke generation. Measurements of flammabihty and smoke characteristics are made with laboratory tests and do not necessarily reflect the effects of foams in actual fire situations. 

The calculated detonation velocity in room temperature acetylene at 810 kPa is 2053 m/s (61). Measured values are about 1000-2070 m/s, independent of initial pressure but generally increasing with increasing diameter (46,60—64). In a time estimated to be about 6 s (65), an accidental fire-initiated decomposition flame in acetylene at ca 200 kPa in an extensive piping system traveled successively through 1830 m of 76—203-mm pipe, 8850 m of 203-mm pipe, and 760 m of 152-mm pipe. 

Fig. 9. Measured coal-fired flow faciUty (CFFF) NO emissions where ( ) represents high sulfur coal, (e) low sulfur coal, (A) low sulfur coal having K2/S = 1.15, and ( ) LMF5-G. A, Illinois No. 6 coal (3% S) B, Montana Rosebud coal (1% S), and the NSPS range is between the dotted lines. To...

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