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Fire performance flame spread

Test results show that thin coatings (2-5 mils) can significantly effect the fire performance of plastic substrates. Most EMI coatings decrease ignitability test results. Coatings tend to level diverse flame spread and ease of extinction performance. A 2-mil coating can reduce the 1, value in ASTM E162 Radiant... [Pg.311]

The main reason for this is that the products concerned have good fire performance. They have very low heat release characteristics, so that they do not add significantly to the energy of the fire and, furthermore, will not spread flame in the absence of an external energy source, so that they hardly increase the fuel supply for the fire. [Pg.607]

Flame-spread and smoke-density values, and the less often reported fuel-contributed semiquantitive results of the ASTM E84 test and the limited oxygen index (LOI) laboratory test, are more often used to compare fire performance of cellular plastics. All building codes require that cellular plastics be protected by inner or outer sheathings or be housed in systems all with a specified minimum total fire resistance. Absolute incombustibility cannot be attained in practice and often is not required. The system approach to protecting the more combustible materials affords adequate safety in the buildings by allowing the occupant sufficient time to evacuate before combustion of the protected cellular plastic. [Pg.336]

Wood well treated with current commercial fire-retardant impregnation treatments will have flame-spread ratings of 25 or less. Many treated wood products have obtained a special marking or designation "FR-S" from UL (36) for having a flame-spread, fuel-contributed, and smoke-developed classification of not over 25 and no evidence of significant progressive combustion in an extended 30-minute ASTM E84 (34) test procedure. The fuel-contributed and smoke-developed classifications are also calculated relative to performance of red oak and asbestos-cement board. [Pg.95]

Heat release rate is another relevant measure of the combustibility of a material along with ease of ignition and flame spread. Smith (55) points out that the release rate data, obtained under different test exposures, will be useful in predicting the performance in actual fires under different fuel loading. Release rate data can thus be used—along with other... [Pg.101]

The performance of a material in a growing pre-flashover fire is affected by its ignition characteristics in primarily two ways. First, flame spread over the surface of the material can be viewed as a series of subsequent ignitions of incremental areas. Second, the flame spread process is typically initiated in an area that is heated by an impinging flame from a burning object. In both cases, a flame is present in the vicinity of the material that is heated to ignition. The focus of this section is therefore on piloted ignition. [Pg.359]

As mentioned earlier, the fire hazard of interior finish materials is primarily due to the potential for rapid wind-aided flame spread over the surface. It is therefore not a surprise that reaction-to-fire requirements for interior finish materials in U.S. building codes are primarily based on performance in a wind-aided flame spread test. The apparatus of this test is often referred to as the Steiner tunnel. The Steiner tunnel test is described in ASTM E 84. Although the test does not measure any material properties that can be used in a model-based hazard assessment, a discussion of the test is included here due to its practical importance for the passive fire protection of buildings in the United States. [Pg.368]

J Materials used to fabricate miscellaneous, discontinuous small parts (such as knobs, rollers, fasteners, clips, grommets, and small electrical parts) that will not contribute materially to fire growth in end-use configuration are exempt from flammability and smoke emission performance requirements, provided that the surface area of any individual small part is less than 16in.2 (100 cm2) in end-use configuration and an appropriate fire hazard analysis is conducted which addresses the location and quantity of the materials used, and the vulnerability of the materials to ignition and contribution to flame spread. [Pg.603]

A typical criticism of this test method, for example, is that ordinary newsprint, and even tissue paper, will meet its requirements. That is a valid criticism. However, there seems to be general agreement that, in spite of its lack of sophistication, this test method has been successful in eliminating the fabrics with the poorest fire performance from the general population of fabrics in use for apparel in the United States. Thus, fabric types such as the fibrous torch sweaters with raised surface fibers that ignite readily and spread flame quickly are no longer legally sold in the United States due to the test requirements. The test has also been able to screen out the use of very sheer... [Pg.609]

FIGRA, fire growth rate THR600s, total heat release LFS, lateral flame spread SMOGRA, smoke growth rate TSP600s, total smoke production F flame spread FIPEC, Fire Performance of Electric Cables (Reference 105). [Pg.620]

Chapter 7 is the chapter dealing with Special Conditions and it addresses most of the cables with highly improved fire performance. Thus, Articles 725 (Class 1, Class 2, and Class 3 Remote-Control, Signaling, and Power-Limited Circuits), 760 (Fire Alarm Systems), and 770 (Optical Fiber Cables and Raceways) all use the same two schemes for fire performance of cables, as shown in Figures 21.4 and 21.5. The figures show that the best is NFPA 262,65 a cable fire test for flame spread and smoke, conducted in a modified Steiner tunnel (86 kW or 294,000 BTU/h), for which the requirements in the NEC are that the maximum peak optical density should not exceed 0.5, the maximum average optical density should not exceed 0.15, and the maximum allowable flame travel distance should not exceed 1.52m (5 ft). The next test, in the order of decreasing severity is UL 1666,64 known... [Pg.630]

The laminate construction in FRP parts can have an effect on flame spread and smoke test results. A study was conducted by Stevens15 and published in the proceedings of Composites 2007 conference. This study looked at how glass fiber content and panel thickness affected the ASTM E-84 flame spread index (FSI) and smoke developed index (SDI). The effects of fiber content and thickness on cone calorimeter results were also evaluated. Another study was conducted by Dempsey16 looking at the effect of glass content in several fire tests, and in this paper, he also found a correlation between the FR performance and glass content. [Pg.709]

Fire retardancy of wood involves a complex series of simultaneous chemical reactions, the products of which take part in subsequent reactions. Most FRs used for wood increase the dehydration reactions that occur during thermal degradation so that more char and fewer combustible volatiles are produced. The mechanism by which this happens depends on the particular FR and the thermal-physical environment. The effectiveness of a FR treatment depends upon the performance rating of the treated material when tested in accordance with ASTM E84 (no greater flame spread than 25). [Pg.1273]

The effects evaluation will determine the likelihood of a transition to propagation and the consequences that can occur, critical height/depth and critical diameter tests will be performed to determine the detonability of a material in bulk or layer form (on a conveyor). Based on the transition results, a decision is made to complete one of the following effects evaluation tests such as a) firespread test which will include rate of flAme spread, heat of flux, and occurrence of fire brands and b) airblast tests including fragment tests. [Pg.21]

Most of the chemicals used in fire-retardant formulations have a long history of use for this purpose, and most formulations are based on empirical investigations for best overall performance. These chemicals include the phosphates, some nitrogen compounds, some borates, silicates, and more recently, amino-resins. These compounds reduce the flame spread of wood but have diverse effects on strength, hygroscopicity, durability, machinability, toxicity, gluability, and paintability (J, 12, 13). [Pg.532]


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