Fir, Abies

Balsam-kraut, n. costmary moschatel. -pappel, /. balsam poplar, tacamahac. -taone, /. balsam fir (Abies balsamea) spruce (esp. Norway spruce, Picea abies). 

Eiga, S. Sakai, A. (1984). Altitudinal variation in freezing resistance of Saghalien fir Abies sachalinensis). Canadian Journal of Botany, 62, 156-60. 

Figure 8 shows the 180/160 ratio for a Bavarian fir, Abies alba, the rings of which were counted by Becker and Siebenlist [36], compared with temperature records made near where the tree grew, both coming from 1000 meters altitude on the north slopes of the Alps. This is mountainous country so that local differences in temperature may be expected. 

Fir (Abies pindrow) wooden stakes coated with 5% copper sulfate in gelatin solution vs. 

From fir (Abies sp., Pseudotsuga menziesii) forest sprayed aerially with 140 or 280 mg/ha to control Douglas-fir tussock moth effects evaluated in year of spraying and 1 year later... 

The northern conifer forest (taiga) extends at high latitudes, above the temperate deciduous and rain forest and grasslaixl (Fig. 6.1). It is dominated by spruces, Picea spp., and firs, Abies spp. It is an immense continuum, only interrupted by the Atlantic Ocean, fi om Alaska to above the Kamchatka Peninsula, comprising also islands, like Iceland. 

Steele CL, Crock J, Bohlmann J, Croteau R. (1998). Sesquiterpene synthases from grand fir Abies grandis). Comparison of constitutive and wound-induced activities, and cDNA isolation, characterization, and bacterial expression of delta-selinene synthase and gamma-humulene synthase./owrna/ of Biological Chemistry, 273,2078. 

Canada Balsam. A yel, turpentine-like liquid from incisions in the bark of balsam fir, Abies balsam-... 

In all reactions, wood of white fir Abies concolor) has been used. For the alkaline nitrobenzene reactions, extractive-free —20+40 mesh heart-wood sawdust containing 28.0% Klason lignin was used. Sequential extraction of the original sawdust with alcohol-benzene, 95% ethanol, and hot water gave extractives amounting to 4.9, 0.5, and 1.2%, respectively. In the other oxidation reactions, nominal 5 -in. wood chips, commonly used in pulping procedures, were employed. The mixed sap wood-heart-wood chips contained 26.5% Klason lignin and sequential extractives of 3.3, 0.5, and 3.2%, respectively. 

The droplet of insecticide on the foliage of fir (Abies balsameae (L) Mill.) and spruce (Picea spp.) may be in the form of a deposit on the surface or it may be absorbed into the foliage depending on the physical-chemical properties of the insecticide, the insecticide mix applied, and the foliage. Some insecticides suffer an initial rapid loss due to washing off and weathering of the deposit while others are absorbed and held in the foliage for periods of up to several months. 

Sundaram (4) found that, due to the geometry of the needle fir (Abies balsamea) acted as a better receptor of phosphamidon than spruce foliage. The fir collected about 75% more insecticide than the spruce. In comparing the relative amounts of the cis and Trans isomers, it was found that the Trans isomer was preferentially absorbed into the foliage while the cis form remains on the surface. The surface residue is then more rapidly lost by physical and metabolic processes. 

This paper is a report on preliminary studies evaluating the suitability of bark extracts from four West Coast softwood species as bonding agents for particleboard. The barks investigated include white fir (Abies concolor), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) ... 

Bohlmann J., Steele C. L. and Croteau R. (1997) Monoterpene synthases from grand fir (Abies grandis). J. Biol. Chem. 272, 21784—21792. 

Collection of volatiles from males feeding on pieces of cabbage revealed a blend of six male-specific sesquiterpenes, including hydrocarbons 24-28 and ketone 29, shown in Figure 19.5 (Bartelt et al., 2001). Compound 24 was the most abundant. One or more of these were thought likely to account for the pheromonal activity reported earlier. Hydrocarbon 28 [(+)-v-cadincnc is known from citronella oil (Herout and Sykora, 1958), but structures 24-27 and 29 were new. The opposite enantiomers of hydrocarbons 24 and 25 were previously isolated from the trees Nordmann fir (Abies nordmanniana) and silver fir (Abies alba) (Bartelt et al., 2001 Khan and Pentegova, 1988 Khan et al., 1989), and the opposite enantiomer of 27, known as ar-himachalene, is found in Himalayan cedar (Pandey and Dev, 1968). Neither compound 26 nor its enantiomer were known from nature, but... 

BOHLMANN, J., PHILLIPS, M RAMACHANDIRAN, V., KATOH, S., CROTEAU, R., cDNA cloning, characterization, and functional expression of four new monoterpene synthase members of the Tpsd gene family from grand fir (Abies grandis, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1999,368, 232-243. 

Arocena, J. M., Glowa, K. R., Massicotte, H. B. Lavkulich, L. (1999). Chemical and mineral composition of ectomycorrhizosphere soils of subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.) in the AE horizon of a Luvisol. Canadian Journal of Soil Sciences, 79, 25-35. 

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