Finance burden

Scarcity necessitates choice how can resources be used to best effect What criteria might we use in making those decisions One of the most important will be effectiveness— the abilities of treatment and support resources to improve the health and quality of life of people with mental health problems but, as we have seen, increasingly attention is also being paid to the costs of achieving those effects. The generic term for the criterion that combines effectiveness with resource considerations is efficiency. A third criterion of importance is equity or fairness in the distribution of access to treatment resources, the burden of financing them, or of their effects on health and quality of life. 

The end result of the civil unrest was numerous shootings and bombings both of members of the security forces and of people who are suspected of being associated with one side or the other. Much property was destroyed by bombings, and armed robberies to finance the various causes were common. All this resulted in a substantial financial burden on the state for a long period of time. 

Despite the fact that it may be cheaper to use borrowed capital in place of other types of capital, it is unrealistic to finance each new venture by using borrowed capital. Every corporation needs to maintain a balanced capital structure and is therefore hesitant about placing itself under a heavy burden of debt. 

All debt contracts require payment of interest on the loan and repayment of the principal (either at the end of the loan period or amortized over the period of the loan). Interest payments are a fixed cost, and if a company defaults on these payments, then its ability to borrow money will be drastically reduced. Since interest is deducted from earnings, the greater the leverage of the company, the higher the risk to future earnings, and hence to future cash flows and the financial solvency of the company. In the worst case, the company could be declared bankrupt and the assets of the company sold off to repay the debt. Finance managers therefore carefully adjust the amount of debt owed by the company so that the cost of servicing the debt (the interest payments) does not place an excessive burden on the company. 

When a certain number of laboratories work in the same area, cooperation and inter-laboratory comparisons can be arranged. The coordination of such activities is an extra economic burden. In order to speed up the process, external financing is needed. 

Financial cost, unfortunately, is a major impediment to participation. Because these programs are designed for full-time working practitioners, demonstration of financial need is usually difficult and most practitioner-students will not qualify for federal financial aid programs. Thus, for those individuals who do not work for institutions or corporations that offer employee educational benefits, financing their return to school will require careful consideration. Even with financial assistance, a substantial burden of the cost will accrue to the individual. Although a few programs may offer scholarship assistance specifically for nontraditional students, these are extremely rare. 

The notion of co-payments has been referred to briefly above in connection with reference pricing systems. It is however of broader apphcation. All that it means is that a system of pubhc health financing has chosen deliberately to limit its commitment to pay for pharmaceutical care, shifting a part of the burden onto the patient himself or herself. In some or all instances, the patient will be obliged to make a co-payment before a drug is dispensed. 

Co-payment systems usually serve three complementary purposes. Firstly, they obhge patients to finance part of the costs of their medication thereby decreasing the financial burden on society. Secondly, they make patients more aware of the costs of health care. Thirdly, they discourage patients from using too many or excessively expensive medicines. Co-payments are generally used in combination with a... 

Equity is concerned with ensuring that the benefits and burdens of pharmaceutical care are fairly distributed. Applying the principle of equity is complex and can be confusing. Equity in terms of finance means that patients, society, the professions and the industry should each make a reasonable contribution to the cost, commensurate with their means. Distributing access and dehvery fairly will involve ensuring that all population groups are treated equally, with no deprivation as a result of their location, age, sex or other characteristics. 

By far the most common form of private finance is out-of-pocket payment, made at the time when people seek care and treatment, rather than through a prepayment scheme. Figure 2 shows that out-of-pocket payment in the high-income areas of the world seldom exceeds 20% of the total while it exceeds 90% in some low-income countries. Out-of-pocket payment for health care tends to be both inequitable and inefficient when it plays a major role in health financing there is clear evidence that the burden of payment for health care falls heavily on the poorest households at the time when a family member is sick at these times, income may actually be reduced by illness and it is hkely that the medicines which will be needed will be bought in insufficient quantifies or not at all. 

Future efforts dedicated to preventing marine pollution from ships will lessen the frequency and impact of marine emergencies. Future success in prevention, preparedness, and response is linked to a coordinated approach supported by technical and adininistrative means together with the continual commitment of states that wUl implement the measures they themselves adopt. Indeed, this may mean large financial investments for certain coastal states, but if innovative ways are sought to obtain the necessary finances to assist in implementing these measures, this may alleviate part of the burden. 

Finance and administration Doug Burden dburden chfca.ca... 

General expenses These costs represent an overhead burden that is necessary to carry out business functions. They include management, sales, financing, and research functions. General e5q)enses seldom vary with production level. However, items such as research and development and distribution and selling costs may decrease if extended periods of low production levels occur. 

Family members who received adequate help when it was needed had experienced significantly less burden of care than those without help. Some family caregivers reported no burden of care, despite having loved ones with severe disability, if they had the finances and benefits to receive hired help at home everyday. They either had built-in family support or were forced to hire caregivers. Life satisfaction of family caregivers also depended on whether their loved ones were satisfied. Patients who had acquired the ability to cope with the physical and emotional aspects of the disease often had peace of mind. That enhanced the family caregivers ability to cope and still enjoy life. Despite severe disability, many families continued to respond positively to the patient. 

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