Filler yarns

Weft weft [ME, fi . OE akin to ON veptr weft, OE wefan to weave] (before 12c) (woof, fill, filler yarn) n. In the textile industry, the transverse threads or fibers in a woven fabric those fibers running crosswise to the warp. 

In most load-bearing medical applications, however, warp-knitted structures, which include both weaving and knitting features, will generally be preferred. Specially constructed Raschel machines that have two needle bars and several guide bars are commonly used. The two needle bars, working alternately, contribute to the versatility of the products. The basic principle is that each needle bar produces a flat fabric the two fabrics are simultaneously connected to each other to form a three-dimensional structure. Examples of structures that can be produced are a double-sided, double thickness structure two separate fabrics with different structures and yarns, joined as needed tubular structure, straight or tapered, and with branches and a sandwich or a spacer fabric with filler yarns. 

Superbulk, Wire and cable filler yarn, Ensign-Bickford Industries Inc., Film Fibers Div. Supercarb, Injection high abrasion-resistant barrels, New Castle Industries, Inc. Supercarb Barrel, High-carbide, wear-resistant bimetallic liner for injection molding, Bimex Industries, Subs, of New Castle Industries... 

A latex adhesive is necessary to bond the tufts into the primary backing, adhere the individual fiber strands in the yarn tufts together so they don t separate and "piU at the carpet surface, and attach the secondary backing to this primary structure. This is accomplished almost exclusively by carboxylated styrene-butadiene latex containing 400 or more parts per hundred parts of rubber of a mineral filler. In addition to economics, this filler hel s provide density and stiffness to the carpet structure for the desired hand." Feld ar used to he the filler of choice, but less expensive calcium carbonate has replaced it in most instances. 

Schappe Techniques Sari (STS), Charnoz, France—use stretch breaking process to manufacture opf, and carbon fiber yarns and material for carbon-carbon preforms. Market a range of Graphilite precision cut fiber fillers from opf and carbon fibers for composite materials and conductive coatings. 

In addition to its use as fibers, wood is also used in particulate form (as woodflour) in polymer composites. When used as woodflour, it acts as a filler rather than a reinforcement. Wood and plant fibers are available as non-woven fiber mats and these are the most widely used preforms for composite reinforcement. Lignocellulosic fibers may also be spun into yarn which can be used to make preforms of woven fabrics and noncrimp fabrics. Woven fabrics are mostly used for textile applications while non-crimp fabrics of flax fibers have recently been introduced specifically for use as reinforcement... 

Knit-miss n. A form oftricot knitting in which yarns on each bar of a two-bar machine are knit at alternate courses only. This type of knitting permits the use of heavy-denier yarns without creating undesirable bulkiness in the fabric. Solomon DH, Hawthorne DG (1991) Chemistry of pigments and fillers. Krieger Publishing Co., New York. 

Figure 2.7 Filter cloth with the filterlink construction together with a tape yarn filler. These fabrics have exceptionally smooth surfaces and offer extended life by reducing mechanical wear (Madison Filter).

Carpet Recycling. By the beginning of the century, about 4.7 million tons of residential carpets were disposed of annually in the United States, with less than 5% being reused or recycled (56). Scrap carpet is bulky and difficult to collect. Efforts are underway in the United States to reduce landfilled carpets by 40% by 2012. Carpeting is a complex product consisting of 40-60 wt% of yarn from PA-6, PA-66, PET, and PP, 4-6% of primary backing made from woven PP, 38-52 wt% of adhesive made from styrene-butadiene latex with calcium carbonate as a filler. 

Fiber reinforced composites, depending on the properties needed, can be fabricated in three different ways. Very short fibers can be used as filler, short fibers can be organized with random orientation and long fibers can be laid in one direction to form unidirectional composites. Short staple fibers may also be twisted together to form continuous yams to fabricate unidirectional composite laminates similar to those made using long fibers. Several unidirectional laminates may be combined by layering in different directions to form laminar composites. Yarns may also be woven or knitted into fabrics to form similar laminar composites. 

Table 2.2 Polymer fibers/yarns with CNT fillers...

Rubber fibers are manufactured by several companies as rubber fiber or under trade names such as Buthane, Contro, Hi-Flex, Lactron, Lastex, and Eaton. Rubber fibers show good elastomeric properties and reasonable aesthetic properties particularly as the eore of a textile yarn structure. Rubber fibers usually have a dull luster due to the additives and fillers within the fiber. The fiber has poor resistance to household chemicals. 

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