Fidelity testing

Verification is the complement of calibration model predictions are compared to field observations that were not used in calibration or fidelity testing. This is usually the second half of split-sample testing procedures, where the universe of data is divided (either in space or time), with a portion of the data used for calibration/fidelity check and the remainder used for verification. In essence, verification is an independent test of how well the model (with its calibrated parameters) is representing the important processes occurring in the natural system. Although field and environmental conditions are often different during the verification step, parameters determined during calibration are not adjusted for verification. 

The DNA polymerases of T. littoralis and P. furiosus have been marketed for use in DNA amplification by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method as the Vent and pfu DNA polymerases, respectively. These enzymes are more accurate in vitro than the Thermus aquaticus (Taq) DNA polymerase, both in classical fidelity tests [132] and in PCR [133,134]. Indeed, they have an associated 3 to 5 exonuclease activity involved in proof-reading, whereas the Taq polymerase is devoid of such activity. 

Memory requirements for one-dimensional eontinuum dynamies ealeulations are minimal by the standards of eurrent hardware. Thus, sufTieiently fine zoning ean be used in sueh ealeulations to eapture details of material response and provide a rigorous test of fidelity for the numerieal models employed. The ability to use fine zoning also ensures that any diserepaneies between ealeulation and experiment ean be attributed, with eonsiderable eonfidenee, to Inadequaeies in the material response model. In faet, most desktop workstations have suffieient eomputing horsepower and memory to meet the eom-putating needs in one-dimensional material response studies. 

In the various sections of this article, it has been attempted to show that heat-flow calorimetry does not present some of the theoretical or practical limitations which restrain the use of other calorimetric techniques in adsorption or heterogeneous catalysis studies. Provided that some relatively simple calibration tests and preliminary experiments, which have been described, are carefully made, the heat evolved during fast or slow adsorptions or surface interactions may be measured with precision in heat-flow calorimeters which are, moreover, particularly suitable for investigating surface phenomena on solids with a poor heat conductivity, as most industrial catalysts indeed are. The excellent stability of the zero reading, the high sensitivity level, and the remarkable fidelity which characterize many heat-flow microcalorimeters, and especially the Calvet microcalorimeters, permit, in most cases, the correct determination of the Q-0 curve—the energy spectrum of the adsorbent surface with respect to... 

To date, most approved protein-based drugs are for therapeutic or replacement therapies. They are recombinant versions of natural proteins such as insulin and erythropoietin. Their characteristics and functions are relatively well defined and known. The next phase of biopharmaceuticals, such as antibodies and vaccines, is more complex and requires more tests and characterizations. Controls for the reliability, contamination, and fidelity of expression systems will be high on the agenda in the coming decade. 

Model performance is now receiving critical attention because of the need for cost-effective control measures. Standard statistical performance descriptors can sometimes mislead a prospective user therefore, more specialized tests are being devised. Various model types are being compared for a specified set of initial and boundary conditions. It is apparent from these studies that added fidelity is purchased at the expense of added complexity of a logical structure that must represent the controlling phenomenology. 

Genotoxicity. No studies were located that address the genotoxic effects of silver in humans. All information on silver genotoxicity comes from in vitro studies (predominantly microbial assays). These studies indicate that, while silver ions do interact with DNA in vitro, silver is not mutagenic. However, there is evidence that silver can cause DNA strand breaks and influence the fidelity of DNA replication. Better characterization of this evidence of genotoxicity, especially in in vivo test systems, would assist in the evaluation of silver genotoxicity. 

Gene and pathway analysis is another application of primary cells in which fidelity of the test system is crucial for reliable results. The use of RNAi technology in combination with primary... 

It should be possible to test the fidelity of alkenone SST reconstructions with an independent paleothermometer such as 5 0. There are a number of reasons why this comparison is not straightforward, however. First, many planktonic foraminifera live below the mixed layer for part or all of their life cycle. Comparing their isotopic temperatures with the unsaturation index of the alkenone producers, which must live in the photic zone, may not yield consistent estimates of past temperature changes. Many foraminifera have seasonal cycles of production far more pronounced... 

In this paper we present a Model Reduction technique incorporated with multi-parametric programming and control, namely Balanced Truncation (T3T). The use of Balanced Truncation eliminates a number of states of dynamic linear systems, while a bound on the maximum error obtained for the output vector can be established. This then allows for the derivation of (approximate) linear parametric controllers, which can be tested and validated (against the original high-fidelity model) off-line. These theoretical developments are presented next. 

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