Kidney fibrosis

Prealbumin (trans- thyretin) 2-3 Binds triiodothyronine and to a lesser extent thyroxine carrier for retinolbinding protein Kidney dysfunction Cirrhosis, hepatitis, stress, inflammation, surgery, hyperthyroidism, cystic fibrosis, kidney dysfunction, zinc deficiency... 

Grobner T, Prischl FC (2007) Gadolinium and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. Kidney Int. 72 260-264. 

Thomas SE, Andoh TE, Pichler RH, Shankland SJ, Couser WG, Bennett WM, Johnson RJ. Accelerated apoptosis characterizes cyclosporine-associated interstitial fibrosis. Kidney Int 1998 53 897-908. 

Perazella MA Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, kidney disease, and gadolinium is there a link Clin JAm Soc Nephrol 2 200-202, 2007. 

Yamamoto T, Noble NA, Miller DE, Border WA. Sustained expression of TGF-beta 1 underlies development of progressive Iddney fibrosis. Kidney Int 1994 45 916-27. 

Polycystic kidney disease (Polycyst in-1 activates canonical Wnt signaling pathway) Injury-induced renal fibrosis Heart failure Ulcerative colitis Osteoporosis-Pseudoglioma Syndrome (genetic syndrome of defective bone formation) Ulcerative colitis Familial Alzheimer s disease (through interaction with Presenilin-1) Familial Alzheimer s disease (through interaction with Presenilin-1)... 

Angiotensin II is a neurohormone produced primarily in the kidney. It is a potent vasoconstrictor and stimulates the production of aldosterone. Together, angiotensin II and aldosterone increase blood pressure and sodium and water retention (increasing ventricular wall tension), cause endothelial dysfunction, promote blood clot formation, and cause myocardial fibrosis. 

Retroperitoneal fibrosis An accumulation of fibrotic tissues in the retroperitoneum (the anatomic space behind the abdominal cavity). Structures that lie behind the peritoneum are thus termed retroperitoneal. These structures include kidneys, the bladder, portions of the duodenum, portions of the colon, and the inferior vena cava. 

Findings from studies of schistosomiasis-induced liver fibrosis, as well as other models of pulmonary, kidney, and liver fibrosis, strongly support the role of CD4+ Th2 cells in the progression of fibrosis (4). In this regard, analyses of gene and protein expression after stimulation by Thl (vs. Th2) cytokines indicates that IL-4 is found at increased concentrations in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, as well as in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of those afflicted with periportal fibrosis (10,53-56). 

Liu Y. Renal fibrosis New insights into the pathogenesis and therapeutics. Kidney Int 2006 69(2) 213-217. 

Daram SR, Cortese CM, Bastani B. Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy/nephro-genic systemic fibrosis report of a new case with literature review. Am J Kidney Dis 2005 46(4) 754-759. 

Inhalation of monomethylhydrazine was not carcinogenic in rats or dogs, but mice exposed at 2 ppm for 1 y exhibited an increased incidence of lung tumors, nasal adenomas, nasal polyps, nasal osteomas, hemangioma, and liver adenomas and carcinomas. Hamsters exposed at 2 or 5 ppm exhibited an increased incidence in nasal polyps, interstitial fibrosis of the kidney, and benign adrenal adenomas. An increase in nasal adenomas was seen in hamsters exposed at 5 ppm. 

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of function over several months to years, characterized by gradual replacement of normal kidney architecture with interstitial fibrosis. 

While there is little reason to worry about anthropogenic Gd in river or ground water, elevated Gd in tapwater is alarming. Grobner (2006) has described the link between exposure to Gd-based contrast agents and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) in patients with kidney failure,... 

Chronic exposure of both rats and mice resulted in tubular nephropathy in both males and females. In rats, lesions were present in 45-66% of the males when they were sacrificed at 110 weeks after receiving 212 and 423 mg/kg/day hexachloroethane for 66 weeks of a 78-week exposure period (NTP 1977 Weisburger 1977). The renal lesions were characterized by hyperchromic regenerative epithelium, necrosis, interstitial nephritis, fibrosis, focal pyelonephritis, tubular ectasis, and hyaline casts. Lesions were also present in females but had a lower incidence (18% and 59%) for the two dose groups. Two-year exposures of male rats to much lower doses (10 and 20 mg/kg/day) resulted in similar effects on the kidneys (NTP 1989). Minimal to mild nephropathy was present in females for doses of 80 and 160 mg/kg/day. Over 90% of the male and female mice exposed to 590 and 1,179 mg/kg/day hexachloroethane for 78 weeks displayed tubular nephropathy when sacrificed at 90 weeks (NTP 1977 Weisburger 1977). Regenerative tubular epithelium was visible and degeneration of the tubular epithelium occurred at the junction of the cortex and the medulla. Hyaline casts were present in the tubules, and fibrosis, calcium deposition, and inflammatory cells were noted in the kidney tissues. 

Bradykinin b2 Human cDNA Asthma, arthritis, cancer, hypertension, inflammation, migraine, myocardial ischemia, pain, rhinitis, diabetes, cystic fibrosis, nociception Vasodilatation, stimulation of natriuresis-diuresis in kidney, smooth muscle contraction, induction of hyperalgesia, edema, neuroprotection... 

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