Systemic fibrosis

Daram SR, Cortese CM, Bastani B. Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy/nephro-genic systemic fibrosis report of a new case with literature review. Am J Kidney Dis 2005 46(4) 754-759. 

KEYWORDS anthropogenic gadolinium, rare earth elements, tapwater, contrast agent, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis... 

While there is little reason to worry about anthropogenic Gd in river or ground water, elevated Gd in tapwater is alarming. Grobner (2006) has described the link between exposure to Gd-based contrast agents and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) in patients with kidney failure,... 

Grobner, T. 2006. Gadolinium - a specific trigger for the development of nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 21,1104-1108. 

Collidge TA, Thomson PC, Mark PB, Traynor JP, Jardine AG, Morris ST, Simpson K, Roditi GH (2007) Gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis retrospective study of a renal replacement therapy cohort. Radiology 245 168-175. 

Grobner T, Prischl FC (2007) Gadolinium and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. Kidney Int. 72 260-264. 

Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) is a sclerosing disorder found in patients with impaired renal function. It was recognized in 1997 and first reported in 2000 [92], The majority of reported cases are associated with acyclic Gd-based clinical CAs, such as Gd—DTPA—BMA, in patients with renal deficiency. CAs will usually be excreted within 2 h in patients with normal renal function. However, the half-life is prolonged in patients with renal failure, and can be between 30 and 120h [93]. The persistence of CAs increases the risk of dechelation and increases the tissue exposure to Gd(III). Certainly, this risk also depends on the strength of the chelations. A recent clinical study showed the association of NSF with Gd—DTPA and Gd-DTPA-BMA [94]. However, no validated mechanism has been established for NSF. The association with CAs is still controversial, and many questions remain unanswered. 

Wiginton, C.D., Kelly, B., Oto, A., etal. (2008) Gadolinium-based contrast exposure, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, and gadolinium detection in tissue. American Journal of Roentgenology, 190, 1060-1068. 

Strieker BH, Psaty BM. Detection, verification, and quantification of adverse drug reactions. Br Med J 2004 329(7456) 44-7. Thomsen HS, Marckmann P, Logager VB. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) a late adverse reaction to some of the gadolinium based contrast agents. Cancer Imaging 2007 7 130-7. 

Table 3. Most common cutaneous fibrosing disorders mimicking Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis (NSF).

Abbreviations NSF, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis CREST, calcinosis, Raynaud s phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly and telangiectasia. 

Figure 6. Postulated pathogenesis of NSF (Explanation in the text). Abbreviations GFR, glomerular filtration rate CaxP, calcium-phosphorus product NSF, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis IV, intravenous GCCA, gadolinium-containing contrast agents.

Jimenez SA, Artlett CM, Sandorfi N, Derk C, Eatinis K, Sawaya H, Haddad R, Shanahan JC Dialysis-associated systemic fibrosis (nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy) Study of inflammatory cells and transforming growth factor betal expression in affected skin. Arthritis Rheum 50 2660-2666, 2004. 

Deo A, Fogel M, Cowper SE Nehprogenic systemic fibrosis A population study examining the relationship of disease development to gadolinium exposure. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2 264-267, 2007. 

Todd DJ, Kagan A, Chibnik LB, Kay J Cutaneous changes of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis Predictor of early mortality and association with gadolinium exposure. Arthritis Rheum 56 3433-3441, 2007. 

Marckmann P, SkovL, Rossen K, Dupont A, Damholt MB, HeafJG,Thomsen HS Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis Suspected causative role of gadodiamide used for contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Soc Nephro/17 2359-2362, 2006. 

Sadowski EA, Bennett LK, Chan MR, Wentland AL, Garrett AL, Garrett RW, Djamali A Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis Risk factors and incidence estimation. Rod/o/ogy 24 148-157, 2007. 

Pryor JG, Poggioli G, Galaria N, Gust A, Robison J, Sarnie F, Hanjani NM, Scott GA Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis A clinicopatho-logic study of six cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 57 105-111, 2007. 

Broome DR, Girguis MS, Baron PW, Cottrell AC, Kjellin I, KirkGA Gadodiamide-associated nephrogenic systemic fibrosis Why radiologists should be concerned. AJR Am J Roentgenol 188 586-592, 2007. 

High WA, Ayers RA, Chandler J, Zito G, Cowper SE Gadolinium is detectable within the tissue of patients with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis.UAmAcodDermatol56 21-26, 2007. 

Abraham JL, Thakral C, Skov L, Rossen K, Marckmann P Dermal inorganic gadolinium concentrations Evidence for n vrVo trans-metallation and long-term persistence in nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. BrJDermatol 158 273-280,2008. 

Sieber MA, Pietsch H, Walter J, Haider W, FrenzelT,Weinmann HJ A preclinical study to investigate the development of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis A possible role for gadolinium-based contrast media. Invest Radiol 43 65-75,2008. 

Wahba IM, Simpson EL, White K Gadolinium is not the only trigger for nephrogenic systemic fibrosis Insights from two cases and review ofthe recent literature.Am JTransp/anf 7 2425-2432, 2007. 

Anavekar NS, Chong AH, Norris R, Dowling J, Goodman D Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in a gadolinium-naive renal transplant recipient. Australas J Dermatol 49 44-47,2008. 

Marckmann P, Skov L, Rossen K, Heaf JG,Thomsen HS Case-control study of gadodiamide-related nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22 3174-3178,2007. 

Morcos SK Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis following the administration of extracellular gadolinium based contrast agents Is the stability ofthe contrast agent molecule an important factor in the pathogenesis of this condition BrJ Radiol 80 73-76,2007. 

Thomsen HS, Morcos SK, Dawson P Is there a causal relation between the administration of gadolinium based contrast media and the development of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) Clin Radiol61 905-906,2006. 

Reilly RF Risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) with gadoteridol (ProHance) [Abstract]. JAm Soc Nephrol, 18 716A, 2007. 

Perazella MA Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, kidney disease, and gadolinium is there a link Clin JAm Soc Nephrol 2 200-202, 2007. 

Swaminathan S, HornTD, Pellowski D,Abul-EzzS, Bornhorst JA,ViswamitraS,Shah SV Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, gadolinium, and iron mobilization.A/fng/TMed357 720-722, 2007. 

Swaminathan S, Shah SV New insights into nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. JAm Soc A/ephro/18 2636-2643, 2007. 

Richmond H, Zwerner J, Kim Y, Eiorentino D Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis Relationship to gadolinium and response to photopheresis. Arch Dermafo/143 1025-1030, 2007. 

Yerram P, Saab G, Karuparthi PR, Hayden MR, Khanna R Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis A mysterious disease in patients with renal failure-role of gadollnlum-based contrast media in causation and the beneficial effect of intravenous sodium thiosulfate. Clin JAm Soc Nephrol 2 258-263, 2007. 

Reilly RF. Risk for nephrogenic systemic fibrosis with gadoteriol (ProHance) in patients who are on long-term hemodialysis. Clin JAm Soc Nephrol 2008 3 747-751. 

Rosenkranz AR, GrobnerT, Mayer GJ. Conventional or gadolinium containing contrast media the choice between acute renal failure or nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. Wien klin Wochenschr 2007,119 271-275. 

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