Fibers soiling

Evaluation of the Soil-Fiber Morphology Equation. The most direct method of evaluating Equation 2 for Dp is to measure the contact angle ip for the fiber-soil-bath system of interest. 

Thermal Asphalt. Thermal or cracked asphalts differ from other asphalts in that they are products of a cracking process. They have relatively high specific gravity, low viscosity, and high temperature susceptibility, and they contain cokelike bodies (carbenes) as indicated by the Oliensis test (38). Thermal asphalts have significant application as saturants for cellulosic building products such as insulation boards, brick-finish siding, and fiber soil pipes. 

Recently, crime has become more vicious and skilful than ever before, so minute substances (trace evidence), which are difficult to hide, are important for the detection of the suspect, especially in cases where he is in contact with the victim or the crime scene. These substances are hair, fibers, soil, etc. Among them hair is noteworthy and can be retrieved easily from the crime scene, because there are 100 000 hairs on an adult human head and they may be shed one by one every 15 min. The suspect therefore leaves his or her own head or pubic hairs at the crime scene unwittingly. Therefore, hair provides important physical evidence for solving of crime. 

Stress-strain relationships for triaxial compression test of carpet-fiber-soil confined at 34.5 kPa [87],... 

Textiles and textile fibers Soil-release shrink-, weather resistance improved dyeability static dissipation thermal stability Grafting... 

FIGURE 22.3 Top view of loaded sample holders. Clockwise from the upper left a fingernail clipping, with much of the naU head exposed cotton fibers soil particles and glass fibers. 

The fiber-soil specimens were tested under biaxial compression with a confinement pressure of 0, 34.5, and 69.0 kPa. The samples were tested in as-compacted as well as soaked conditions. The resistance to deformation was measured by the principal stress difference (referred to hereafter as stress), i.e. the compressive sttess minus the confining pressme. The confining pressure provides lateral support on the side of the samples, simulating the in-situ lateral earth pressure. This confinement results in a higher vertical load-carrying capability and therefore higher stresses necessary to fail the samples. 

The cleaning process proceeds by one of three primary mechanisms solubilization, emulsification, and roll-up [229]. In solubilization the oily phase partitions into surfactant micelles that desorb from the solid surface and diffuse into the bulk. As mentioned above, there is a body of theoretical work on solubilization [146, 147] and numerous experimental studies by a variety of spectroscopic techniques [143-145,230]. Emulsification involves the formation and removal of an emulsion at the oil-water interface the removal step may involve hydrodynamic as well as surface chemical forces. Emulsion formation is covered in Chapter XIV. In roll-up the surfactant reduces the contact angle of the liquid soil or the surface free energy of a solid particle aiding its detachment and subsequent removal by hydrodynamic forces. Adam and Stevenson s beautiful photographs illustrate roll-up of lanoline on wood fibers [231]. In order to achieve roll-up, one requires the surface free energies for soil detachment illustrated in Fig. XIII-14 to obey... 

Particulate gravimetry is commonly encountered in the environmental analysis of water, air, and soil samples. The analysis for suspended solids in water samples, for example, is accomplished by filtering an appropriate volume of a well-mixed sample through a glass fiber filter and drying the filter to constant weight at 103-105 °C. 

Com as com flakes, sweet com, com as various types of flour and meal, popcorn, other snacks foods such as chips, and com juice as sweeteners, com used in fermentation for beer and in the production of alcohol, and corncobs and stalks used as carriers for various chemicals and medications, as fiber sources, and for the improvement of soil condition by plowing under stalks, are some of the uses for this versatile crop. See Ref. 75 for more information on corn. 

Resistance to Microorganisms and Insects. Resistance of triacetate to microorganisms, based on soil-burial tests, is high, approaching that of polyester, acryUc, and nylon fibers. Sod-burial test results on acetate, triacetate, and cotton are shown in Figure 8. Neither acetate nor triacetate fiber is readdy attacked by moths or carpet beedes. 

Physically or chemically modifying the surface of PET fiber is another route to diversified products. Hydrophilicity, moisture absorption, moisture transport, soil release, color depth, tactile aesthetics, and comfort all can be affected by surface modification. Examples iaclude coatiag the surface with multiple hydroxyl groups (40), creatiag surface pores and cavities by adding a gas or gas-forming additive to the polymer melt (41), roughening the surface... 

Chemical, cultural, and mechanical weed control practices have been relatively successful ia reducing yield losses from weeds (448). However, herbicide-resistant weed populations, soil erosion, pesticide persistence ia the environment, and other problems associated with technologies used (ca 1993) to control weeds have raised concerns for the long-term efficacy and sustainability of herbicide-dependent crop production practices (449). These concerns, coupled with ever-increasing demands for food and fiber, contribute to the need for innovative weed management strategies (450). 

Spunbonded fabrics are effective filters in that they are layered stmctures of relatively fine fibers, the three-dimensional stmcture of which creates a torturous path. Even relatively thin spunbonded fabrics (eg, 0.2—0.25 mm) present a significant challenge to the passage of soil fines and are suitable for use in some filtration appHcations. The porosity of geotextile fabrics is classified by means of several procedures such as flux (volume flow/area per time) and equivalent opening size (EOS), which is a measure of the apparent pore size of the openings in the fabric. The flux measures the porosity to Hquid water, and the EOS measures the porosity to soHd particles of a known diameter. Literature is available on limitations of particular styles of fabrics within an apphcation (63). 

Antistats such as polyoxyethylenes (151,152) and A/-alkyl polycarbonamide (153) are added to nylon to reduce static charge and improve moisture transport and soil release in fabrics. These additives also alter the luster of fiber spun from bright polymer. Static reduction in carpets is achieved primarily by the use of fibers modified with conductive carbon black (see Antistatic agents Carbon, carbon black). 

Both fiber producers and fabric mills have realized that many of the performance variants that are difficult to iacorporate iato fiber melt spinning can be accompHshed by post-treating yams or fabrics. Mills ia the 1990s can apply flame retardants, softeners, dye-fade inhibitors, and stain- and soil-resisting agents as part of the finishing of a fabric. 

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