Fiber-containing diets, mineral

The effect of dietary wheat bran and dehydrated citrus fiber at 15% level and 5% dietary fat on intestinal carcinogenesis induced by AOM and DMAS was studied in male F344 rats (44,45). Composition of diets was adjusted so that all animals in different experimental groups consumed approximately the same amount of protein, fat, minerals and vitamins. The animals fed the wheat bran or citrus fiber and treated with AOM had a lower Incidence (number of animals with tumors) and multiplicity (number of tumors/tumor bearing rat) of colon tumors and tumors of the small Intestine than did those fed the control diet and treated with AOM (Table II 15). Although 15% purified pectin in the diet (41) inhibited the colon tumor incidence better than did 15% dehydrated citrus fiber, in this study the Inhibition of colon tumor multiplicity was more pronounced with the dehydrated citrus fiber compared with purified pectin. Because dehydrated citrus fiber contains about 20% pectin, the pectin content of this diet was considerably lower than that of the diet used in... 

An "anticancer" diet exists for almost every one of the above points. All of the above points contain an element of truth which can contribute—but cannot stand alone to our overall understanding of carcinogenesis. As for food or diet which prevents cancer, the best recommendations that can be made are (1) eat less fat, (2) eat more fiber-containing foods, (3) eat fruit and vegetables every day, (4) eat a well balanced diet and maintain your ideal weight, (5) consume adequate minerals and vitamins, and (6) avoid the known carcinogens, particularly tobacco and excessive alcohol. 

The belief among my Irish husband s people is that humans can survive eating only potatoes, supplemented by dairy for vitamins A and D. True, they contain vitamins, minerals, phenols, and lots of fiber, when the jacket is eaten. Although humans need carbohydrates to survive, high-starch diets alongside sedentary lifestyles are linked to diabetes and heart disease. Preparation method makes a difference, too. Fried or mixed with high-fat dairy, potatoes are more of a treat than a vegetable. 

A resurgence of interest in dietary fiber has been stimulated by epidemiological evidence of differences in colonic disease patterns between cultures with diets containing large quantities of fiber, and Western cultures having more highly refined diets. Many African countries, for example, are relatively free of diverticular disease, ulcerative colitis, hemorrhoids, polyps, and cancer of the colon Whereas most interest has focused on the beneficial role of dietary fiber, there is also concern that high fiber diets may cause disturbances in the absorption of nutrients such as minerals (see Mineral Nutrients) and vitamins. 

In our first study described above (2), a negative balance of -0.02 mg Mn was found on a dietary level of 0.11 mg/day. This figure is small considering levels reported from past studies. However, the diet fed to the subjects was semi-purified, not whole foods. It is believed that retention of the mineral was enhanced by increased physiological needs caused by a manganese depletion from consumption of such a low dietary level. Furthermore, the diet did not contain any phytates and limited amounts of fiber. 

Three studies were carried out in our laboratory in cooperation with the Food, Nutrition, and Institution Administration Department of the University of Maryland. The purpose of these studies was to determine mineral balances in adult human subjects when fiber in fruits and vegetables was added to the diet. Zinc was one of the minerals determined. The effects of the diet containing fiber were compared with those of a low fiber diet in which fruit and vegetable juices replaced the fruits and vegetables. In the first study, spinach was included in the diet containing fiber in fruits and vegetables. In the second study, cauliflower, which is low in oxalic acid, replaced the spinach. 

Dietary fiber and phytate. Dietary fiber and phytate are known as potential inhibitors of the absorption of divalent cations however, the literature regarding the effect of dietary fiber and phytate on the bioavailability of minerals is contradictory. Data by Yannai and Sachs (1993) indicate that phytate does not affect methylmercury absorption. Yannai and Sachs (1993) compared the absorption by rats of mercury found intrinsically in experimental fish meal with and without added phytate and found no significant differences in the absorption of Hg (93 5%) between 2 experimental fish meal diets (containing 1.4 mol Hg/kg diet), with or without added sodium phytate. The authors speculated that phytate might be preferentially bound to zinc, iron, and copper, which were present at much higher concentrations in the diet. 

Structure/function claims state that a product may affect the structure or function of the body (e.g., calcium builds strong bones, antioxidants maintain cell integrity, fiber maintains bowel regularity), but may not claim that a therapy can prevent or cure a disease (e.g., alleviates constipation). Traditional nutrients refers to vitamins and minerals considered essential to the diet and/or to correct a classical nutritional deficiency disease. For example, foods containing vitamin C to correct scurvy or vitamin D to alleviate rickets are not functional foods. However, soy, w hich contains soy protein and is associated with a reduced cardiovascular risk, is a functional food. 

In conclusion, for all the healthy effects described, free nuts are considered as natural functional foods and can be used to promote health by their easy incorporation into ihe usual diet of the population. Tree nuts, which are rich in several vitantins, minerals, unsaturated fatty adds, essential amino acids, soluble fiber, and fat-solnble bioactives, among others, contain numerous phytochemicais that contribute to promoting health and reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the greatest cause of morbidity aud mortality in the world. However, as complete phytochemical profiles are lacking for most free nuts, information is limited regarding their bioacces-... 

Hazelnut, which contains lipid-lowering bioactives such as MUFA, PUFA, phytosterols, phytostanols, polyphenols, and sphingolipids [11,12,107,117,140,141,147,175,183,189,203-205], offers an opportunity as a potential hypercholesterolemic heart-healthy diet component In addition to these bioactives and minor components, there are a number of nonfat constituents (such as essential minerals, essential amino acids, antioxidant phenoUcs, soluble dietary fiber, and phytochemicals, among others) in hazelnut that may elicit additional cholesterol-lowering and cardioprotective effects [11,57,59,85,117,174,206]. 

The same method could also be applied to the net substrate oxidation rates. Due to the - at least partial - mutual exchangeability of the substrates as source of energy, this approach was not fully functional for the substrates. In [29] a diet containing 37 % of protein, 4 % of fat and 51 % of CHO (The remainder consists of dietary fiber, water, minerals, etc.) was used. In this case by increasing the protein intake by 1 g the CHO intake was automatically increased by 1.4 g. And in energy metabolism CHO is preferred, as long as there is enough CHO from both intake and body stores available. So the relation of the substrates as fuel differed at different levels of diet intake. This resulted in a fat utilisation factor of up to 800 % and CHO utilisation factors of as low as 33 %. The CD s, however, remained at levels of 92 - 99 %. Only for carbohydrate and... 

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