Fetal transmission

HIV is transmitted in three ways injection of infected blood or blood products, sexual contact, and maternal-fetal transmission. Occupational exposure to HIV accounts for a small number of transmissions usually from a needle-stick. 

Berencsi 111 GY, editor. Maternal fetal transmission of human viruses and their influence on tumorigenesis. Dordrecht Springer Science 2012. p. v-vi, 1-463. 

Some P-gp inhibitors have been tested in clinical trials (e.g., GF120918, PSC 833) [88, 89], Shortly before birth, it is often desirable to expose the fetus to anti-HIV medications to prevent HIV transmission from the mother to the fetus during delivery. Preperfusion with P-gp inhibitors increased fetal penetration of the protease inhibitor saquinavir in in vitro placental models, and it has been hypothesized that P-gp may be responsible for limiting fetal exposure to HIV protease inhibitors, methadone, anthracyclines, and taxanes [90-93],... 

Electronic Standards for Transmission of Regulatory Information European Union antigen-binding fragment fluorescence-activated cell sorter fetal bovine serum constant fragment... 

Maternal-fetal HIV transmission Recommended dosing regimen to pregnant women (greater than 14 weeks of pregnancy) and their neonates is as follows ... 

Pregnancy and breast-feeding pose especial problems therapy at this time is aimed to minimise toxicity to the fetus while reducing maternal viral load and the catastrophic results of HIV transmission to the neonate. Prevention of maternal-fetal and maternal-infant transmission is the most cost-effective way of using antiretroviral drugs in less developed coimtries. 

Uses. Zidovudine is indicated for serious manifestations of HIV infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency s5mdrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex, i.e. those with opportunistic infection, constitutional or neurological symptoms, or with low CD4 counts treatment reduces the frequency of opportunistic infections and prolongs survival when used in effective combinations. It is also indicated alone for pregnant women and their offspring for prevention of maternal-fetal HIV transmission. 

Prevents maternal-fetal HIV transmission. Prophylaxis in occupational exposure at risk of acquiring HIV. 

Sanderson JL, Donald Partridge L, Valenzuela CF (2009) Modulation of GABAergic and glu-tamatergic transmission by ethanol in the developing neocortex an in vitro test of the excessive inhibition hypothesis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Neuropharmacology 56 541-555... 

Infection with T. gondii is an important cause of diseases of the central nervous system and the eye in immunocompromised as well as immunocompetent individuals. When first acquired by the mother, this infection can be transmitted to the fetus. Infants with the most severe clinical signs in the brain and eye are those infected early in pregnancy when fetal immunity is low (Jamieson et ah, 2009). At birth, infants infected in utero may have intracranial calcification, hydrocephalus, convulsions, and ocular diseases such as retinochoroiditis or inflammation of the retina and choroid, with associated vitritis. The severity of disease is influenced by the trimester in which the infection is acquired by the mother (Dunn et al, 1999 Remington et ah, 2006). A positive correlation exists between the rate of transmission and infection during the second or third trimesters of pregnancy (Desmonts and Couvreur, 1984 Dunn et ah, 1999). 

Not quite. Autism in identical twins can be caused by a shared fetal environmental impact rather than by direct genetic transmission. The reality is that like mental retardation, autism is a behaviorally defined syndrome with a possibly wide variety of both genetic and nongenetic causes. The often-quoted concordance rate of 90 percent among identical twins is accurate for broad autism but not for severe (narrow) autism, for which twin concordance is only about 60 percent. Also in contrast to the ABC News report, the concordance among fraternal twins can be as high as 23 percent for broad autism.55... 

Following intravenous injection in the mother, placental transfer of Metubine iodide occurs rapidly, and, after 6 minutes, the fetal plasma concentration is approximately one-tenth the maternal level. Metocurine does not inhibit vagal transmission or sympathetic ganglionic blockade, and therefore produces minimal hemodynamic changes in humans. The relatively stable heart rate and blood pressure associated with its use make it a useful agent for patients with coronary artery disease and hypertension. 

Zidovudine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor that inhibits replication of retroviruses, including HIV. It is indicated in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of HIV infections and prevention of maternal-fetal HIV transmission. 

An alternative theoretically possible mechanism of the paternal occupational contribution fw an excess of childhood cancer would be a transmission of chemicals to the mother via the seminal fluid. Maternal exposure with consequent in utero exposure can occur theoretically from chemicals brought home as contaminants on the fathers skin, clothing, etc, either as the parent compound or its metabolites in the fathers expired air. For a specialist with toxicological knowledge this possibility will always remain speculative until quantitative data for specific exposures are available. This hypothesis was suggested for a paternal contribution to fetal mal-development [29]. It is difficult to accept... 

Spiramycin, which concentrates in placental tissue, is used to treat acute acquired toxoplasmosis in pregnancy to prevent transmission to the fetus. If fetal infection is detected, the combination of pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine is administered to the mother (only after the first 12-14 weeks of pregnancy) and to the newborn in the postnatal period. 

In cocultures of fetal neurons from ventral half of the spinal cord (VH neurons) and from the dorsal root ganglion (DRG neurons) the synaptic transmission between pairs of spinal cord neurons from ventral half of the spinal cord (VH-VH connections) or between DRG neurons and VH neurons (DGR and VH connections) were studied with two cell recording and stimulation techniques. In 70% of the VH-VH connections and in 50% of the DGR-VH connections, Bay K 8644 failed to affect transmitter release. co-Conotoxin GVIA produced no consistent effect on EPSPs or IPSPs elicited by VH neurons by stimulation of the nearby neurons. VH EPSPs elicited by stimulation of the nearby DGR neurons were reduced by 50% by co-couotoxiu GVIA. Therefore, ueither sustaiued nor inactivating HVA Ca channels sensitive to Bay K 8644 or co-conotoxin GVIA such as those measured in the neuronal cell body are responsible for action-potential-evoked transmitter release from the majority of the VH neurons these channels may be involved in transmitter release in approximately 30% of these neurons [152]. 

Indications Used in combination with other drugs to treat HIV infections and AIDS prevention of maternal/fetal HIV transmission, prevention of HIV infection after an occupational exposure Common drug examples ... 

---