Ferulate

FerulasMure, f. ferulic acid, fesseln, v.t. fetter, bind fasten anchor captivate. 

Note The chromatogram zones exhibit a broad spectrum of colors [3, 12] that is very dependent on the duration and temperature of heating. Therefore the optimum reaction conditions must be determined empirically. With a few exceptions (ferulic, 4-amino-benzoic and cumarinic acids) aromatic carboxylic acids do not react [3]. The reagent in 80 ethanolic sulfuric acid is reported to be most sensitive for steroids [25]. 

Isolation from sugar beet cell walls of arabinan oligosaccharides esterified by two ferulic acid monomers / / Plant Physiology. V. 134. P. 1173-1180. 

Piston F. Uauy C. Fu L. H. Langston J. Labavitch J. Dubcovsky J. (2010) Down-regulation of four putative arabinoxylan feruloyl transferase genes from family PF02458 reduces ester-linked ferulate content in rice cell walls / / Planta. N. 231. P. 677-691. 

SCOTT B c, BUTLER J, HALLIWELL B and ARUOMA o I (1993) Evaluation of the antioxidant actions of ferulic acid and catechins , Free Radical Res Commun, 19, 241-53. 

ANDREASEN M F, CHRISTENSEN L p, MEYER A s, HANSEN A (2000) Content of phenoHc acids and ferulic acid dehydrodimers in 17 rye (Secale cereale L.) varieties,VoMr a/ of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48, 2837-42. 

The less specific binding of flavonoids to ferrylmyoglobin is in agreement with establishment of LFERs, linear free energy relationships, i.e. Ink(ferryl) depends linearly on E , for reduction of MbFe(IV)=0 by flavonoids within series of flavonons and ftavonols (Jorgensen and Skibsted, 1998). The relevance of such LFERs, as demonstrated for MbFe(IV)=0 and plant phenols, draws further support from the observation that the same sequence, i.e. chlorogenic caffeic > ferulic > coumaric acid, is seen for reaction of the phenols with... 

Phytosterols have been demonstrated as being anti-cancer components in the diet (Awad and Fink 2000). Scientific studies indicate that phytosterols may offer profection against colon, breast and prostate cancers (Vanderhaeghe and Bouic, 2000). The possible mechanisms, as reported by these authors, include the effect of phytosterols on membrane structure and function and on the signal transduction pathways that regulate tumor growth and apoptosis. The rice bran derived phytosterol-cycloartenol-ferulic acid ester on the central nervous system has been studied by Hiraga et al. (1993). 

Recent scientific investigations of natural polyphenols have demonstrated their powerful antioxidant property (Niki et al, 1995). Several classes of polyphenols have been chemically identified. Some of these are grape polyphenols, tea polyphenols, soy polyphenols, oligomeric proanthocyanidines (OPA) and other natural polyphenols of the flavone class. Rice bran polyphenols are different from the above in that they are p-hydroxy cinnamic acid derivatives such as p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and p-sinapic acid. Tricin, a flavone derivative, has also been isolated from rice bran. 

Studies by Hudson et al, (2000) have demonstrated the presence of eight polyphenols in rice bran by using high-pressure liquid chromatography. They are protocatechuic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, sinapic aci vanillic acid, caffeic acid, which is a methoxycirmamic acid derivative, and tricin. The effect of these polyphenols on cell viability and on the colony-forming ability of human-derived MDA MB 468 and HBL 100 breast cells, colon-derived SW 480 and human colonic epithelial cells was assessed. These authors concluded that rice bran polyphenols have putative cancer chemopreventive properties. 

The antioxidant property of ferulic acid and related compounds from rice bran was reported by Kikuzaki et al, (2002). Their results indicated that these compounds elicit their antioxidant function through radical scavenging activity and their affinity with lipid substrates. Another recent study reported by Butterfield et al, (2002) demonstrated that ferulic acid offers antioxidant protection against hydroxyl and peroxyl radical oxidation in synaptosomal and neuronal cell culture systems in vitro. The effect of ferulic acid on blood pressure (BP) was investigated in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). After oral administration of ferulic acid the systolic blood pressure (SBP) decreased in a dose-dependent manner. There was a significant correlation between plasma ferulic acid and changes in the SBP of the tail artery, suggesting... 

AKIHISA T, YASUKAWA K, YAMAMURA M, UKIYA M, KIMURA Y, SHIMIZU N, ARAI K (2000) Tliterpene alcohol and sterol ferulates from rice bran and their anti-inflammatory effects. JAgri FoodChem, 48 2313-19. 

GRAF E (1992) Antioxidant potential of ferulic acid. Free Radical Biol Med, 13(4) 435-48. 

HIRAGA Y, NAKATA N, JIN H, ITO S, SATO R, YOSHIDA A, MORI T, OZEKI M, IKEDA Y (1993) Effect of the rice bran-derived ph)itosterol cycloartenol ferulic acid ester on the central nervous system. Arzneimittel-Forschung, 43(7) 715-21. 

ICHIRO T, AKIHIKO, F, DAiJi K, RYUJi o, IKUO s, ATSUSHi s (2002) Short and long term effects of ferulic acid on blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. American J of Hypertension, 15(4) part 1 351-57. 

KiKUZAKi H, HisAMOTO M, HiROSE K, AKIYAMA K, TANiGUCHi H (2002) Antioxidant properties of ferulic acid and its related compounds. JAgri Food Chem, 50 (7) 2161-8. 

Advances in analytical procedures resulted in several reports on anthocyanins acy-lated with hydroxycinnamic acids (p-coumaric, caffeic, ferulic, sinapic, and 3,5-dihydroxycinnamic acids), hydroxybenzoic acids (p-hydroxybenzoic and gallic acids), and aliphatic acids (malonic, acetic, malic, oxalic, succinic and tartaric acids). However, not all of them were found in anthocyanins isolated from foods. Among the 44 fruits listed in Table 4.3.1, 15 presented acylated anthocyanins as did 12 of 13 vegetables shown in Table 4.3.3 and 2 of the 9 grains cited in Table 4.3.4. On the other hand, acylated anthocyanins were found in all grapes from Vitis species, although at different abundance levels, as can be seen in Table 4.3.2. A higher... 

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