Ferulate esters

Figure 3. Mass Spectrum of Mixture of Natural Ferulate Esters...

Figure 4. Mass Spectrum of Ferulate Ester of Behenyl Alcohol...

Kim, Y. et ah, Flavonol glycoside gallate and ferulate esters from Persicaria lapathifolia as inhibitors of superoxide production in human monocytes stimulated by unopsonized zymosan, Planta Med., 66, 72, 2000. 

Cycloartenol ferulate (triterpene ferulic ester) Cycloartenol ferulic acid key plant compound precursors HIV-1 RT (2)... 

Majeed (6) extracted ferulate esters, (III) and (IV), from Commiphora wightii, which were effective in the treatment of abnormal cell growth and neoplasia. 

Fig. 1.—Binding of Xylans by Coupling of Ferulic Esters of Xylans.89 (Reproduced, by permission, from Phytochemistry.)...

Abbreviations nr—not reported TAG—triacylglycerols FFA—free fatty acids St —phytosterol fatty acyl esters St—free phytosterols FPE—phytosterol ferulate esters tocols-tocopherols and tocotrienols GL—glycolipids PL—phospholipids RBD—refined, bleached, and deodorized oil. 

Dimers 39 and 40, issued from grass samples, reveal the linkage type of p-cou-maric and ferulic esters and show that some ester bonds survive thioacidolysis. Dimer 39 confirms thatp-coumaric acid is ester-linked at Cy of S lignin units [60,61]. Compound 40, tentatively assigned from its mass spectral fragmentation pattern, may originate from ferulic units ester-linked to pentose units [85]. 

Some of naturally occurring polysaccharides contain a ferulic ester group in the side chain and they are subjected to enzymatic crosslinking [82, 83]. Pectin extracts containing feruloylated rhamnogalacturonan and feruloylated arabinan groups were crosslinked by HRP to form hydrogels. 

Abbreviations nr, not reported TAG, triacylglycerols FFA, free fatty acids St E, phytosterol fatty acyl esters St, free phytosterols FPE, phytosterol ferulate esters Tocols, tocopherols and tocotrienols GL, glycolipids PL, phospholipids and RBD, refined, bleached and deodorized oil. 

The fatty acid spectrum of rice bran oil is 22-25% palmitic acid, 37-41% oleic acid and 37-41% linoleic acid. More recently, interest in rice oil escalated with its identification as a healthy oil that reduces serum cholesterol. Rice bran is a good source of antioxidants including vitamin E and oryzanol (ferulic esters of sterols and triterpene alcohols), cholesterol-lowering waxes and antitumor compounds like rice bran saccharide.Besides applications in nutrition and in phyto-chemicals, rice bran oil has traditionally been used for industrial applications, such as dimer acid manufacturing, depending on pricing for alternative vegetable oils. 

Hydrocarbons (C31), wax esters (C24, C22 alcohol and acid), ferulate esters (C24, C22 alcohol), fatty alcohol (C22)... 

Fatty acids (C24, 25) fatty alcohols ( 24 2) ferulate esters ( 24 22 alcohol)... 

Wax esters, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, ferulate esters. 

Erythrina stricta Hydrocarbons (C g, C27), fatty acids, fatty alcohols (C32, C36), ferulate esters (C32, C24 alcohols) 416... 

Podocar- Phyllocladus glaucus Ferulate esters ( 22 C24 alcohols) 58... 

Salicaceae Populus balsamifera Wax esters ( 25, C28 alcohol, C24, 25, acid), ferulate esters 1... 

Joshi K C, Sharma A K, Singh P 1986 A new ferulic ester from Tecomella undulata. Planta Med 71-72... 

Trocino s concept of total utilization of the raw material, Douglas-fir bark, to produce several salable products was good, and earned Bohemia the 1976 Environmental Award from the American Paper Institute and the American Forest Products Institute. Unfortunately a certain amount of solvent losses is inevitable. Thus, efficient solvent extraction and recovery of solvent to obtain the primary product in a 3% yield, based on bark, could only be expected to be cost effective if the product sold in the dollars per kilogram range, such as carnauba wax imported from Brazil or Mexico. Unrefined Douglas-fir wax is soft because of the presence of terpenes, unsaturated fats, etc., and is subject to discolorization by iron salts because of the presence of ferulate esters, which promote the formation of complexes. As in the case of the polyphenolic extractives from redwood and hemlock bark, the product end-use was not sufficiently unique to ultimately justify a price that would support production and operating costs, and generate a reasonable profit. 

Wheat, maize and rye Secale cereale) contain ferulic and p-coumaric esters of sterols and stanols. Oats ( Avena sativd) contain a series of 24 caifeic and ferulic esters of glycerol, long chain alkanols, alkandiols (n = 22, 23, 24) and m-hydroxy acids (n = 26, 28). In addition, there is a large series of compounds (>25) that are esters of anthranihc acid or 5-hydroxyanthranilic acid with either p-coumaric, cafifeic or ferulic acids (avenanthramides) (Figure 7.51) or with their ethylenic analogues (avenulamides). Oat meal has been reported to contain some 200-300 mg/kg of esterified ferulic acid. 

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