Vanillin ferulic acid

Vanillin Ferulic acid Amycolatopsis, Streptomyces Up to 18 g L" , 50 h, l-lOtyear In situ product recovery by crystallisation at more than 10 g L possible [8, 90, 91]... 

Vanillin Ferulic acid,eugenol, isoeugenol Corynebacterium glutamicum, Pycnoporus cinnabar-inus, Serratia species,Kleb-sella species, Enterobacter species. Pseudomonas species, Aspergillus niger Vanilla... 

The total phenolic content in XRPP was 1.10%. The major components were found to be p-hydroxybenzoic acid (0.44%), vanillin (0.19%), syringic acid (0.13%), and syringaldehyde (0.13%). The contents of p-hydroybenzaldehyde, vanillic acid and ferulic acid were 0.032, 0.015 and 0.020%, respectively. Gallic acid, protocatechuic acid and cinnamic acid were detected in trace amounts. 

The European Economic Community have shown considerable interest in releasing ferulic acid from low value agricultural waste residues such as SBP, with subsequent bioconversion of the free acid to vanillin. Previous studies with commercial enzyme preparations have shown a high degree of solubilisation of ferulic acid from SBP is possible, giving rise to a mixture of free and esterified forms [9,10], However, it is not known which... 

Gasson MJ, Y Kitamura, WR McLauchlan, A Narbad, AJ Parr, ELH Parsons, J Payne, MJC Rhodes, NJ Walton (1998) Metabolism of ferulic acid to vanillin. J Biol Chem 273 4163-4170. 

Recently, a two-step enzymatic conversion of ferulic acid (3) leading to natural vanillin was disclosed, with a price indication of about 700 kg-1. 

Fig. 2.61. Separation of grape seed extract (a) and grape seed extract spiked with mixture of eight compounds (b) using optimized conditions. Chromatographic conditions are discussed in the text. Peak identification 1 = 2-phenylethanol 2 = vanillin 3 = ferulic acid 4 = protocatechoic acid 5 = caffeic acid 6 = gallic acid 7 = catechin 8 = epicatechin. Reprinted with permission from A. Kamangerpour et al. [167].

Simple phenolics Phloroglucinol, gentisic acid, vanillin, caffeic acid, ferulic acid... 

Various experiments in Vanilla plant cell cultures, however, gave different results [14-18, 30, 51]. This might be due to the fact that different biosynthetic pathways operate in the beans and in the cell culture. In fact most of the work in cell cultures showed only conversion of non-glucosylated products. Ferulic acid feeding resulted in increased vanillin levels. The fact that the V. planifolia cell cultures do not produce vanillin in any significant amount means that the results from studies using vanilla cell cultures for elucidation of the pathway should be considered with caution. Finally, it cannot be excluded that different pathways may contribute to the vanillin production in the beans. Scheme 9.1 shows that vanillin can be formed through different ways in a complex network of compounds. 

Muheim A, Lerch K (1999) Towards a high-yield bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 51 456-461... 

Odoux E, Chauwin A, Brillouet JM (2003) Purification and characterization of vanilla bean (Vanillaplanifolia Andrews) / -glucosidase. J Agric Food Chem 51 3168-3173 Overhage J, Steinbuechel A and Priefert H (2003) Highly efficient biotransformation of euge-nol to ferulic acid and further conversion to vanillin in recombinant strains of Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 69 6569-6576... 

Capsicum frutescens (immobilised) Ferulic acid, vanU-lyamine Capsaicin, vanillin [42]... 

The bioconversion of eugenol and ferulic acid to vanillin was first characterised in Pseudomonas fluorescens (Scheme 26.4) [36, 37]. However, an enzyme of the pathway, vanillin NAD+ oxidoreductase, catalysed the removal of vanillin from the medium through the formation of vanillic acid [38]. Deletion of the oxidoreductase was, however, only partially successful, largely because vanillin is also the substrate of coniferyl aldehyde dehydrogenase, an enzyme of the eugenol degradative pathway present in Pseudomonas sp. [39]. 

Scheme 26.4 Cloned genes and characterised enzymes involved in the conversion of eugenol and ferulic acid to vanillin in Pseudomonas sp. (adapted from [35])...

Ferula assa-foetida L. F. bungeana Kitag. A Wei (Asafetida) (gum or resin) Vanillin, asarensinotannol, ferulic acid, famesiferols.33 Anthelmintic, treat ascites, dysentery, malaria. 

Other monolignols formed during the dehydrogenation of coniferyl alcohol are conifer aldehyde (VII), trans- and m-ferulic acid (XV, XVI), vanillin (traces), and vanillic acid (traces). 

Henderson, M.E.K., Farmer, V.C. Utilization by soil fungi of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, ferulic acid, syringaldehyde and vanillin. J Gen Microbiol 1955 12 37-46. 

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