Antioxidants ferulic acid

SCOTT B c, BUTLER J, HALLIWELL B and ARUOMA o I (1993) Evaluation of the antioxidant actions of ferulic acid and catechins , Free Radical Res Commun, 19, 241-53. 

Recent scientific investigations of natural polyphenols have demonstrated their powerful antioxidant property (Niki et al, 1995). Several classes of polyphenols have been chemically identified. Some of these are grape polyphenols, tea polyphenols, soy polyphenols, oligomeric proanthocyanidines (OPA) and other natural polyphenols of the flavone class. Rice bran polyphenols are different from the above in that they are p-hydroxy cinnamic acid derivatives such as p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and p-sinapic acid. Tricin, a flavone derivative, has also been isolated from rice bran. 

The antioxidant property of ferulic acid and related compounds from rice bran was reported by Kikuzaki et al, (2002). Their results indicated that these compounds elicit their antioxidant function through radical scavenging activity and their affinity with lipid substrates. Another recent study reported by Butterfield et al, (2002) demonstrated that ferulic acid offers antioxidant protection against hydroxyl and peroxyl radical oxidation in synaptosomal and neuronal cell culture systems in vitro. The effect of ferulic acid on blood pressure (BP) was investigated in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). After oral administration of ferulic acid the systolic blood pressure (SBP) decreased in a dose-dependent manner. There was a significant correlation between plasma ferulic acid and changes in the SBP of the tail artery, suggesting... 

GRAF E (1992) Antioxidant potential of ferulic acid. Free Radical Biol Med, 13(4) 435-48. 

KiKUZAKi H, HisAMOTO M, HiROSE K, AKIYAMA K, TANiGUCHi H (2002) Antioxidant properties of ferulic acid and its related compounds. JAgri Food Chem, 50 (7) 2161-8. 

An HPLC method using a 90-min binary gradient with (a) acidified water, pH 2.4, and (b) acetonitrile on an Adsorbosphere C]8, 3-/zl cartridge (Alltech) was also developed for pheno-lics in barley (127). Seven phenolic compounds, including vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and their derivatives, were separated by HPLC after alkaline hydrolysis in order to evaluate the role of bound phenolic acids in their antioxidant activity in beer. In this method, cis and trans isomers of p-coumaric and ferulic acids are quantified by HPLC, although cls-p-coumaric acid was not well separated from its trans isomer in this analysis. 

In search of novel natural antioxidant compounds that might posses a good brain bioavailability, our laboratory has focused attention on the phenolic compound ferulic acid ethyl ester (FAEE) (Fig. 18.1). Ferulic acid is a ubiquitous plant constituent that occurs primarily in seeds and leaves both in its free form and covalently linked to lignin and other biopolymers. Due to its phenolic nucleus and an extended side chain conjugation, it readily forms a resonance stabilized phenoxy radical that accounts for its potent antioxidant potential [Kanski et al., 2002 Kikuzaki et al., 2002], Ferulic acid has been shown to be protective against oxidative stress in vitro it is absorbed and excreted by humans, and may be a promising candidate for therapeutic intervention in AD [Yan et al., 2001]. Although ferulic acid has been demonstrated to be effective in vitro, the low lipophilicity impairs its in vivo efficiency, bioavailability, and stability. 

In addition to their direct antioxidant activity, ferulic acid and its ester derivatives have also been shown to act as indirect antioxidants, that is, to induce cytoprotective (phase 2) enzymes [Dinkova-Kostova et al., 1998 Dinkova-Kostova, 2002], Similarly to curumin, ferulic acid derivatives also... 

Kanski J, Aksenova M, Stoyanova A, Butterfield DA. 2002. Ferulic acid antioxidant protection against hydroxyl and peroxyl radical oxidation in synaptosomal and neuronal cell culture systems in vitro Structure-activity studies. J Nutr Biochem 13 273-281. 

Sultana R, Ravagna A, Mohmmad-Abdul H, Calabrese V, Butterfield DA. 2005. Ferulic acid ethyl ester protects neurons against amyloid beta-peptide(l-42)-induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity Relationship to antioxidant activity. J Neurochem 92 749-758. 

In conclusion, phenolic-rich fractions of oats possess an antioxidant capacity that can be assessed quantitatively through their ability to inhibit LDL oxidation and protein oxidation. The greatest degree of antioxidant capacity was associated with compounds extracted with methanol from the aleurone. The identification of the oat constituents from these fractions should be investigated, although candidate compounds include caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and avenanthramides. These compounds may be bioavailable and contribute to the health effects associated with dietary antioxidants and oats. 

A13. Andreasen, M. F., Landbo, A. K., Christensen, L. P., Hansen, A., and Meyer, A. S., Antioxidant effects of phenolic rye (Secale cereale L.) extracts, monomeric hydroxycinnamates, and ferulic acid dehydrodimers on human low-density lipoproteins. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49, 4090—4096 (2001). 

Plant foods contain a variety of PPs that are regarded as active agents and particularly as antioxidants. The chemical structures are quite complex and there are relatively small molecules such as hydrocinnamic acids (caffeic acid and ferulic acid) and also extremely large molecules like the proantho-... 

Ethinyl estradiol, buprenorphine ferulic acid, genistein naltrexone (low), naloxone (low), SN-38 (active metabolite of irinotecan) alizarin, quinalizarin, retigabine Bilirubin, chloropheno- Atazanavir, indinavir, xypropionic acid, chrysin, ketoconazole (AT, = 3 pM) clofibrate, 3-MC, oltipraz, phenylpropionic acid, phenobarbital, clotrimazole, rifampin, and St. John s wort. WY-14643 Response elements for AhR, CAR, GR, PPAR-a, PXR, Nrf2 (antioxidant response element) have been identified... 

Butsat, S. Siriamompun, S. 2010. Antioxidant capacities and phenolic compounds of the husk, bran and endosperm of Thai rice. Food Chem. 119 606 613. Chigorimbo-Murefu, N.T.L. Riva, S. Burton, S.G. 2009. Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of esters of ferulic acid with natural compounds and evaluation of their antioxidant properties. J. Molec. Cat. B Enzym. 56 277-282. 

STEROLS Phytosterols are mostly associated with unrefined vegetable oils and exist as derivatives of phenolic acids (e.g., ferulic acid). Several studies are available on antioxidant activity of sterols and their derivatives from sources such as corn fiber, oats, and rice. These compounds can be obtained from the unsa-ponifiable fraction that is removed during vegetable oil refining. Triterpene alcohols and hydrocarbons (131), or sterols (Figure 20) from oats (132, 133), rice (134, 135),... 

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