Fertilization requirements

Fertilizer industry Fertilizer products Fertilizer requirements Fertilizers... 

There are many details of good vineyard management as there are for any crop, but grapes are relatively tolerant, being perennials with deep roots and not high in water or fertility requirements. A few pests are special, notably grape phylloxera, a root louse native to America, but spread nearly... 

To determine the feasibiUty of, or need for, fertilization requires knowing (/) which of the required elements, if any, are deficient in the soil (2) what chemical forms of the deficient elements are assimilable by the plants and thus suitable as fertilizers (5) what quantity of fertilizer material is required to meet the needs of the crop and (4) whether the crop yield increase resulting from fertilizer appHcation would warrant the cost of the fertilizer production and appHcation. 

Excess fertilizer and combustion processes also can increase nitrous oxide (NnO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the atmosphere. Nitrous oxide is a powerful greenhouse gas, and nitrogen oxides lead to smog and acid rain. The production of fertilizers requires a great deal of energy. The use of fossil fuels to supply the thermal requirements for fertilizer production further increases emission of nitrogen compounds to the atmosphere. 

Heat energy must be supplied continuously to keep the temperature from falling while the endothermic reaction proceeds. Otherwise, the temperature would quickly fall below the minimum value at which H2 synthesis is spontaneous. For this reason, the production of H2 (and ultimately of fertilizer) requires considerable amounts of... 

Cycads pollination by insects may be one of the earliest forms of insect-pollination. Like conifers, cycads bear their reproductive cells in cones rather than flowers. Individual cycad plants are either male or female, male plants having pollen cones and female plants, seed cones. Fertilization requires transfer of pollen grains from pollen cones to seed cones. The role of insects in this process has received attention in a cycad commonly known as the cardboard palm (Zamia furfuracea). This is a handsome horticultural plant with... 

The problem with this fixed nitrogen is that its use as a fertilizer requires land application. While some of the nitrogen is retained by the plants, much is carried off the land as stormwater runoff This increases the concentration of DIN in groundwater and river-water. Drainage of these waters into the coastal ocean supplies nutrients that stimulate plankton growth. Remineralization of the plankton biomass can lead to development of hypoxic and anoxic conditions in coastal waters. 

There are many different types of soil, and extractant formulations have been fine-tuned to suit the soil. The particular extractant may also be chosen on the basis of familiarity over the years, and because it is easier to compare results with those previously obtained, and hence make recommendations to correct deficiencies based on experience. Usually one is not interested in the total amount of a soil nutrient, rather in the amount that is in a form available to the roots of the plant. Regional advisory laboratories over a long period may have developed index tables relating to the found concentration of nutrient in local soil types and the corrective amount of fertilizer required. It would probably be wise to adopt the same methods that have been used to... 

Fertilizer requirements -of biomass [FUELS FROM BIOMASS] (Vol 12)... 

In the United States, the situation was in many ways different. With its large sulfur, natural gas, phosphate, and even potash resources, America s fertilizer industry rested on a sound base. It was an exporter of minerals and fertilizers, and did not have to worry to the same extent as Europe s industry about competing imports from Socialist countries. But reserves of sulfur extracted by the Frasch process have been depleted in Louisiana and Texas, and President Ronald Reagan s payment in kind (PIK) farm-acreage cuts reduced the fertilizer requirement of American farmers. These farmers are also much in debt and are having trouble selling their products on saturated markets. 

The concentration and the solidification of ammonium nitrate and urea solutions to form solid fertilizers require considerable expenditure of eneq>y and processing expense so it is attractive to use the solutions in the formulation of liquid fertilizers, without processing them into solid form. However, neither ammonium... 

Several alternatives are used to reduce ammonia elimination. Applied in relatively small quantities, urease inhibitors such as A-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric acid triamide reduce the rate of microbial hydrolysis of urea and increase its efficiency as a fertilizer (Manahan, 2005). Ammonia volatilization could also be reduced using a mixture of urea with tropical peat soil or free humic substances, such as humic and fulvic acids, isolated from peat soils (Bernard et al., 2009). Another application of green technologies is the use of thermal polyaspartate, a product formed by the condensation and base treatment of a natural compound, aspartic acid. This has been found to be effective in stimulating plant uptake of fertilizer thus reducing the amount of fertilizer required (Manahan, 2005). 

TABLE 4.5 Estimated Fertilizer Requirements of Selected Biomass"... 

It has been claimed by the producers of these systems (Ruthner Pflanzen-technik Ltd. and Maschinenfabrik Andritz Ltd.) that, for example, the water requirements in such facilities are only 2% of that in conventional European fodder production. Fertilizer requirements are much lower than in conventional economies and the pesticide demand is reduced considerably. This would suggest its application not only in arid zones but also in space [7]. 

Fitts, J. W., and Nelson, W. L. (1956). The determination of lime and fertilizer requirements of soils through chemical tests. In Advances in Agronomy, vol. 8, ed. A. G. Norman, pp. 241-82. New York Academic Press. 

Gembarzewski, H., and Stanislawska, E. (1987). Molybdenum and copper fertilization requirements of soils in Poland estimated on the basis of investigations of control farms of Institute of Soil and cultivation of plants. Roczniki-Gleboznawcze 38 161-74. 

The nutrient balance model predicts the amount of inorganic fertilizer required to maintain site fertility, and thus productivity, of the plantation. Fertilizer application is needed because of the shorter rotations and the more complete removal of biomass from the site that occurs with this type of management as compared to conventional forestry. Although the soil nutrient pool at any given site is an unknown, maintenance of site fertility is assumed to be possible by replacing the amount of nutrients removed in the harvested biomass plus an additional amount for leaching and denitrification losses. 

From the start-up operations of plantation establishment to the attainment of steady state, transition conditions prevail with respect to nutrients. In this case, the amount of organic material decomposed will not be equal to the annual organic inputs. Transition-period fertilizer requirements are estimated in conjunction with start-up operation requirements and costs. They will be larger than steady-state requirements since full credit for the organic inputs cannot be taken each year. 

For cases where irrigation will not be used, application of fertilizer will occur once per rotation. This is envisioned to occur after harvest when the site will be most easily accessible. This design predicts the fertilizer requirement for only that portion of the plantation being harvested in a given year. Fertilizer requirements are first estimated based upon biomass growth only and then... 

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