Ferrous succinate

Other forms of iron which are present in different pharmaceutical preparations are ferric ammonium citrate, ferrous succinate, iron choline citrate, ferrous amionate, iron calcium complex, carbonyl iron, ferric glycerophosphate, haemoglobin, elemental iron, ferrous glycine sulphate, glycerinated haemoglobin, and iron (III) hydroxide polymaltose complex (equivalent to elemental iron). 

Soluble Aspirin Paint Pigment Ferrous Glutinate Ferrous Succinate Lithium Hydroxide Tungsten Alloy Stabilized Diazamin... 

Ferrous succinate and ferrous glycine sulphate are alternatives. 

Oral iron preparations Ferrous sulfate (tablets) Ferrous fumarate (tablets) Ferrous gluconate (tablets) Ferrous glycine sulfate (tablets or solution) Ferrous succinate (solution ) Sodium ironedetate (solution) Iron(ii) sulfate (40-105 mg Fe ) Iron(ii) fumarate (65-10 mg Fe ) Iron(ii) gluconate (35 mg Fe) Iron(n) glycine sulfate (25 100 mg Fe ) Iron(ii) succinate (37 mg Fe) Iron(n) chelate of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (FLDTA) (27.5 mg Fe)... 

The more complex the iron salt, the more difficult its absorption. Thus, iron salts like ferric verseneate and ferrous pyrophosphate are only slightly absorbed. In contrast, ferrous sulfate and ferrous succinate are readily absorbed in the intestine. 

Su B ilBmental tourcM-Dried liver, ferrous gluconate, ferrous succinate, ferrous sulfate, iron furmerate, iron peptonate, seaweed, yeast. 

The initiators used in emulsion polymerization are water-soluble initiators such as potassium or ammonium persulfate, hydrogen peroxide, and 2,2 -azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride. Partially water-soluble peroxides such a succinic acid peroxide and f-butyl hydroperoxide and azo compounds such as 4,4 -azobis(4-cyanopentanoic acid) have also been used. Redox systems such as persulfate with ferrous ion (Eq. 3-38a) are commonly used. Redox systems are advantageous in yielding desirable initiation rates at temperatures below 50°C. Other useful redox systems include cumyl hydroperoxide or hydrogen peroxide with ferrous, sulfite, or bisulfite ion. 

Orally administered ferrous salts are the preferred treatment for iron deficiency. Ferrous salts are absorbed about three times as well as ferric salts and the bioavailability of the sulfate, fumarate, succinate, gluconate, and other ferrous salts is approximately the same. Ferrous sulfate, being the least expensive, is then the treatment of choice. Ferrous fumarate is available as a syrup and may be useful in small children for the treatment and prophylaxis of iron deficiency. 

Proline hydroxylase is a diooxygenase that requires ferrous iron as a cofactor and uses a-ketoglutarate as its second substrate. One oxygen atom from 02 is incorporated into hydroxyproline the other goes to the a-ketoglutarate, which decomposes to succinate and C02 ... 

Coenzyme Q passes electrons through iron-sulfur complexes to cytochromes b and ch which transfer the electrons to cytochrome c. In the ferric Fe3+ state, the heme iron can accept one electron and be reduced to the ferrous state Fe2+. Since the cytochromes carry one electron at a time, two molecules on each cytochrome complex are reduced for every molecule of NADH that is oxidized. The electron transfer from coenzyme Q to cytochrome c produces energy, which pumps protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The proton gradient produces one ATP for every coenzyme Q-hydrogen that transfers two electrons to cytochrome c. Electrons from FADH2, produced by reactions such as the oxidation of succinate to fumarate, enter the electron transfer chain at the coenzyme Q level. 

Ferrous sulphide may, however, be precipitated from solutions of ferrous salts in the presence of sodium acetate—a fact that was known to Gay-Lussac—and even from ferrous acetate in the presence of acetic acid, and from solutions of iron in citric or succinic acids.7... 

Baginsky and Hatefi (155, 156) showed that loss of reconstitution activity appears to be related to a damage in the iron-sulfur system of the enzyme which is not detectable by assay for iron and labile sulfide content. They obtained a preparation of succinate dehydrogenase from complex II which exhibited no reconstitution activity but had an iron labile sulfide flavin ratio close to 8 8 1. They were then able to reactivate this enzyme for reconstitution by treating it with NajS, ferrous ions, and mercaptoethanol, essentially in the same manner as apoferredoxin had been previously converted to ferredoxin (181, 18Z). The reactivated preparation was able to reconstitute with alkali-treated submitochondrial particles or complex II. Analyses showed that the preparation had acquired additional iron and labile sulfide, but control experiments indicated that reconstitution activity was not a spurious effect. The reactiva-... 

A suggested course. Start a patient on ferrous sulphate taken on a full stomach once, then twice, then thrice a day. If gut intolerance occurs, stop the iron and reintroduce it with one week for each step. If this seems to cause gastrointestinal upset, try ferrous gluconate, succinate or fumarate. If simple preparations (above) are unsuccessful, and this is unlikely, then the pharmaceutically sophisticated and expensive sustained-release preparations may be tried. They release iron slowly and only after passing the pylorus, from resins, chelates (sodium iron edetate) or plastic matrices, e.g. Slow-Fe, Ferrograd, Feospan, so that iron is released in the lower rather than the upper small intestine. Patients who cannot tolerate standard forms even when taken with food may get as much iron with fewer unpleasant symptoms if they use a sustained-release formulation. 

Hepatic mitochondria isolated from copper-deficient animals were found to be deficient in the cytochrome oxidase activity which correlated well with hem synthesis (57). Failure to synthesize hem from ferric iron and protoporphyrin could be enhanced by succinate or inhibited by cyanide, which suggests that the reduction from ferric to ferrous requires an intact electron transport system in order for hem synthesis to go into completion. 

In addition to the substrate, the enzyme requires 02,2-oxoglutarate, ferrous ion, and ascorbate for reaction. Molecular oxygen is incorporated into the hydroxyl oxygen of the hydroxyproline as well as one of the carboxyl oxygens in succinate. It is thus an intermolecular dioxygenase. 

Kinetic studies on the enzyme mechanism are consistent with an ordered binding of ferrous ion, 2-oxoglutarate, 02, and substrate, the binding of ferrous ion being at thermodynamic equilibrium. The products are released only after hydroxylation, possibly in the order of the hydroxylated substrate, C02, and succinate. Ascorbate was thought to react with the enzyme either before or after the binding of ferrous ion. 

All three enzymes have the same cofactor requirements ferrous ion, a-ketoglutarate, molecular oxygen, and ascorbate (vitamin C). The reducing equivalents required for the hydroxylation reaction are provided by the decarboxylation of equimolar amounts of a-ketoglutarate to succinate and carbon dioxide. One atom of the O2 molecule is incorporated into succinate while the other is incorporated into the hydroxyl group. The data on enzyme kinetics and mechanism of reaction are consistent with the ordered binding of Fe " ", a-ketoglutarate, O2, and the peptide... 

ODB ODCB. See o-Dichlorobenzene Odophos -N. See Ferrous sulfate anhydrous Odorless kerosene. See Deodorized kerosene Odorless light petroleum hydrocarbons. See Petroleum hydrocarbons, odorless, light ODPA. See 4,4 -Di-t-octylphenylamine p,p -Dioctyldiphenylamine ODSA, ODSA] n-ODSA. See Octadecenyl succinic anhydride... 

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