Fenvalerate toxicity

Fenvalerate toxicity is antagonized by atropine sulfate or methocarbamol, which may be effective in treating severe cases of poisoning (Hiromori et al. 1986). Conversely, some compounds exacerbate the toxicity of fenvalerate and interfere with a desired use. Domestic cats (Felis domes-ticus) treated with Fendeet (an aerosol mixture of fenvalerate and A-A-diethyl-m-toluamide) to control fleas and ticks sometimes show signs of toxicosis, such as tremors, hypersalivation, ataxia, vomiting, depression, and seizures. Signs usually appeared within hours of topical application, and females and juveniles seem to be the most sensitive groups. The demonstrated ability of N-N-diethyl-m-toluamide to enhance the dermal absorption of fenvalerate is the probable cause of toxicosis (Dorman et al. 1990). 

Rattner, B.A. and J.C. Franson. 1984. Methyl parathion and fenvalerate toxicity in American kestrels acute physiological responses and effects of cold. Canad. Jour. Physiol. Pharmacol. 62 787-792. 

Reddy, P.M., G.H. Philip, and M. Bashamohideen. 1992. Regulation of Ache system of freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio, under fenvalerate toxicity. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 48 18-22. 

Schimmel SC, Gamas RE, Patrick JM, et al. 1983. Acute toxicity, bioconcentration and persistence of AC 222,705, benthiocarb, chlorpyrifos, fenvalerate, methyl parathion and permethrin in the estuarine environment. J Agric Food Chem 31 104-113. 

Jarvinen, A.W., D.K. Tanner, and E.R. Kline. 1988. Toxicity of chlorpyrifos, endrin, or fenvalerate to fathead minnows following episodic or continuous exposure. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 15 78-95. 

Pyrethroids are used primarily for the control of household and agricultural insect pests, and secondarily in industrial, stored product, and veterinary applications. They are especially advantageous for use in northern climates because their toxicity is enhanced at low temperatures (Smith and Stratton 1986). Synthetic pyrethroid insecticides, including fenvalerate, are used as alternatives... 

Fenvalerate is extremely toxic to representative nontarget aquatic organisms and to some beneficial terrestrial arthropods at concentrations substantially lower than those recommended to control pestiferous insects. Toxic effects are associated primarily with the 2.S, a.S -isomcr and are exacerbated at low temperatures. Birds, mammals, and terrestrial plants are normally tolerant. 

Adverse effects of fenvalerate on survival of terrestrial arthropods were observed at 0.002 to 0.015 pg whole-body topical application, O.llkg/ha aerial application, 5.4 mg/kg in the soil, 50 mg/kg in the diet, and 1.4 g/ant mound (Table 20.4). Synthetic pyrethroids are more effective in biological systems at low temperatures. The relative sensitivity of insects when compared with mammals is attributed in part to this negative temperature coefficient. Thus, warm-blooded animals are less affected than insects and other poikilotherms (Klaassen etal. 1986). Fenvalerate, for example, showed a negative correlation between temperature and toxicity to crickets (Acheta pennsylvanicus), being up to 1.9 times more toxic at 15°C than at 32°C (Harris etal. 1981). A similar case is made for honey bees (Apis mellifera) (Mayer et al. 1987) and for many species of aquatic invertebrates and fish (Mayer 1987). 

Fenvalerate intoxication effects may be reversible. Tadpoles of the northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) that survived LC50 concentrations of the 5,5-isomer for 96 h appeared normal 7 days after being placed in clean water (Matema 1991). Fenvalerate-protective agents include diazepam and endosulfan. Diazepam provides up to 14-fold protection to frogs against toxic doses of fenvalerate (Cole and Casida 1983) endosulfan provides limited protection to estuarine fish and shrimp (Scott et al. 1987 Trim 1987). 

Route of administration may account for wide variations in the toxic action of fenvalerate. Most authorities agree that fenvalerate is most toxic to rodents when administered by intercere-broventricular injection relative to other routes — indicating the importance of the brain in the Type II poisoning syndrome. Fenvalerate was decreasingly toxic when administered intravenously, intraperitoneally, orally, and dermally (Lawrence and Casida 1982 Flannigan et al. 1985 Grissom etal. 1985 Bradbury and Coats 1989a Williamson etal. 1989). 

Anderson, R.L. 1982. Toxicity of fenvalerate and permethrin to several nontarget aquatic invertebrates. Environ. Entomol. 11 1251-1257. 

Baughman, D.S., D.W. Moore, and G.I. Scott. 1989. A comparison and evaluation of field and laboratory toxicity tests with fenvalerate on an estuarine crustacean. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 8 417-429. 

Bradbury, S.P. and J.R. Coats. 1982. Toxicity of fenvalerate to bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) including brain and liver residues associated with mortality. Jour. Toxicol. Environ. Health 10 307-319. 

Bradbury, S.P., D.M. Symonik, J.R. Coats, and G.J. Atchison. 1987. Toxicity of fenvalerate and its constituent isomers to the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas, and bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 38 727-735. 

Curtis, L.R., W.K. Seim, and G.A. Chapman. 1985. Toxicity of fenvalerate to developing steelhead trout following continuous or intermittent exposure. Jour. Toxicol. Environ. Health 15 445-457. 

Day, K. and N.K. Kaushik. 1987a. An assessment of the chronic toxicity of the synthetic pyrethroid, fenvalerate, to Daphnia galeata mendotae, using life tables. Environ. Pollut. 44 13-26. 

Hansen, D.J., L.R. Goodman, J.C. Moore, and P.K. Higdon. 1983. Effects of the synthetic pyrethroids AC 222, 705, permethrin and fenvalerate on sheepshead minnows in early life stage toxicity tests. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2 251-258. 

Holdway, D.A., M.J. Barry, D.C. Logan, D. Robertson, V. Young, and J.T. Ahokas. 1994. Toxicity of pulse-exposed fenvalerate and esfenvalerate to larval Australian crimson-spotted rainbow fish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis). Aquat. Toxicol. 28 169-187. 

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