Feedstuffs for Animal Nutrition

The digestive system of animals allows the conversion of nutrients into simpler forms that can be absorbed and metabolized. These feed nutrients are converted into eggs, meats, milk, and even energy for work. 

Percent Utilization of Cereal Grains for Animal Feeds in 2007 

Cereal Feed Use (Millions Tons) Total Production (Million Tons) % Feed Use 

Source FAO (Food Agriculture Organization). 2009. Statistical Database. Rome, Italy. Electronic page ht //faostat.fao. g. 

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The data for amino acid digestibility in the pig are taken from AFZ, Ajinomoto Eurolysine, Aventis Animal Nutrition, INRA, ITCF, 2000. AmiPig. Standardised Ileal Digestibilit/ of amino acids in feedstuffs for pigs, AFZ, Paris. (Document available at www.feedbase.com/amipig)... 

Animal feeding is experiencing tremendous changes. Its initial objective - to meet nutritional requirements - is now only one of many challenges we must understand and control its impact on product quality and safety, on animal welfare and health, and on the environment These wider objectives require the development of new concepts of nutritional value of feedstuffs,for which these tables are a useful basis. The new feed characteristics provided therein (amino acid digestibility, availability or digestibility of minerals, cation-anion difference) are definitely within this framework. 

Nutritive value of foods and feedstuffs depends to a large degree on protein level and quality, i.e., the relative amounts of the component amino acids compared to the requirements of the animal for various metabolic functions. The cereal grains are notoriously low in certain essential amino acids. Usually lysine is the first or second limiting amino acid. The grain of rye (Secale cereale L.) exhibits an amino acid profile superior to that of other cereal grains, especially wheat (1,2,3,4,5). Despite this fact, lysine is still the first limiting amino acid in rye in most instances (6,7). 

Chemical detoxification processes or decontamination will include degradation, destmction and/or inactivation of the mycotoxin. In any such process the reduction of the mycotoxin to safe levels should not result in toxic degradation products or reduce the palatability or nutritional properties of the commodities. Aflatoxin has been the subject of most studies and only a relatively small number of these offers any hope of success. There is as yet no FDA or EC fully approved method for aflatoxin detoxification in human foods. Current methods in advanced stages of approval use ammonia in the gaseous form or as an ammonium hydroxide solution at various temperatures, pressure, moisture contents and reaction time to degrade aflatoxins in various animal feedstuffs. There have been extensive studies using two processes, viz ... 

The differentiation of epithelial tissue, growth, reproduction and the process of sight are dependent, in mammals and in humans, on an adequate provision of vitamin A. Ensuring this provision is therefore of great importance for nutrition and health in man. Via the vitaminization of animal feedstuff, which ensures healthy animal stocks, the vitamins additionally contribute to the provision of man with adequate and high quality foodstuffs. The vitamin demand arising therefrom could only be covered by synthetically produced products identical to the natural vitamin, a fact which gave a commercial stimulus to the development of industrial production processes. 

An orderly system does not exist for discussing the use of fats over the breadth of domesticated animals thus a survey approach is used here. Metabolism is the sum of processes by which nutrients are handled in the living organism. Digestion is the process of reducing foods into smaller particles and finally to compounds that are absorbed for physiological processes. The relative nutritional value of a component is the product of its concentration in the feedstuff times its digestibility coefficient. Current research on fat metabolism is intensive, and new information is continuously reported the reader is referred to technical journals for the latest details and concepts. 

Manganese(U) oxide is utilized its it starling inalerial for manganese(II) salts, as an additive for fertilizers (in the USA 20 10 t/a), as a nutritional supplement in animal feedstuffs and in the manufacture of oxide ceramic materials. 

Information concerning the magnesium nutrition of swine is not as extensive as that for ruminant animals. Magnesium deficiency in swine is not as common as it is in cows since the feedstuffs making up the ration typically have well over 1000 ppm Mg. 

Most by-products obtained from the various milling industries (Chapters 7,8, and 9), the brewing industry, and bioreflneries (see Chapter 14) are commonly channeled to the feed industries. These by-products are divided into fiber, energy, and protein-rich feedstuffs. Tables 18.9 and 18.10 smnmarize the nutritional composition and energy values of the most common cereal by-products for different animal species. 

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