Rabbit feces

Clenbuterol absorption by calves is rapid. Radioactivity in the blood averaged 160 ppb clenbuterol equivalents within 1 h of an oral dose of 3 mg/kg bw. By 48 h after dosing, less than 50% of the total dose administered was excreted in urine and less than 2% in feces. Rabbits excreted in the urine within a 72 h period 92% of the radioactivity present in a 2.5 mg/kg bw oral dose of radiolabeled clenbuterol 83% of the administered radioactivity was excreted during the first 24 h (14). 

Metoplmazine, antiemetic. Dog, rabbit. Dog sulfoxidation, hydro-xylation (M), and hydrolysis of carbamoyl moiety conj. metabolites (glue. ) and UP in urine. Metabolites in feces. Rabbit metabolism same as dog hydrolysis of carbamoyl... 

Vitamin Bjg is not synthesized by animals or by plants. Only a few species of bacteria synthesize this complex substance. Carnivorous animals easily acquire sufficient amounts of Bjg from meat in their diet, but herbivorous creatures typically depend on intestinal bacteria to synthesize Bjg for them. This is sometimes not sufficient, and certain animals, including rabbits, occasionally eat their feces in order to accumulate the necessary quantities of Big. 

Intravenous administration of endosulfan (7 3 ratio of a- and P-isomers) in rabbits produced slower elimination of the a-isomer (Gupta and Ehrnebo 1979). Excretion of the two isomers occurred primarily via the urine (29%) with much less excreted via the feces (2%). Given the earlier evidence in rats and mice describing the principal route of elimination of endosulfan and its metabolite to be via the feces, the differences in the excretion pattern in this study may be attributable to differences in exposure routes, to species differences, or to both. Nevertheless, studies in laboratory animals suggest that both renal and hepatic excretory routes are important in eliminating endosulfan from the body. Elimination of small doses is essentially complete within a few days. 

Diarrhea was observed in rabbits administered an unspecified amount of Cellulube 220 for an intermediate duration (Carpenter et al. 1959). Soft feces were also observed in Pasture lla-mfected rabbits receiving 5,750 mg/kg/day of Fyrquel 220, but not 2,875 mg/kg for an intermediate duration (MacEwen and Vemot 1983). The diarrhea may have been the result of cholinesterase inhibition or of the underlying infection or a combination of the two. No gross or histological alterations were observed in rabbits receiving a dermal dose of 1,000 mg/kg/day of cyclotriphosphazene for an intermediate duration (Kinkead et al. 1989c, 1990). 

Lead is also eliminated in the bile (Klaassen and Shoeman 1974). In the rat, excretion occurs in the urine, with greater excretion in the feces following intravenous administration (Castellino and Aloj 1964 Klaassen and Shoeman 1974 Morgan et al. 1977). As the dose increases, the proportion of the lead excreted into the gut via bile increases, then plateaus at 3 and 10 mg/kg (Klaassen and Shoeman 1974). Biliary excretion of lead is suggested to be a saturable process (Gregus and Klaassen 1986). Excretion of lead in the bile by dogs amounted to approximately 2% of that by rats, and biliary excretion of lead by rabbits amounted to approximately 40% of that by rats (Klaassen and Shoeman 1974). 

Excretion kinetics of chlordane are complex, and different isomers exit through different pathways (USEPA 1980, 1988). In rats, chlordane elimination was almost complete 7 days after receiving single oral doses up to 1 mg/kg body weight (BW) 24 hours after treatment, 70% of the r/. v-chlordane and 60% of the trans-chlordane had been excreted (WHO 1984). In rodents, chlordane and its metabolites were usually excreted in feces, regardless of the administration route the cis-isomer was excreted slightly faster than the trans-isomer, although identical metabolites seemed to be formed (Menzie 1969, 1980 USEPA 1980 WHO 1984 Nomeir and Hajjar 1987). In rabbits, however, up to 47% of the administered dose was voided in the urine, and cis- and /ran.v-chlordanc were excreted at the same rate (Nomeir and Hajjar 1987). 

In addition to more rapid absorption of lipids in animals fed casein, another mechanism that may be operative is decreased clearance of circulating lipids. Rabbits fed a casein-based semipurified diet excreted significantly less cholesterol but more bile acids in their feces than animals fed a commercial diet (18). The total sterol excretion in feces of the animals fed the casein diet was half that of the rabbits fed the stock diet. Huff and Carroll (19) found that rabbits fed soy protein had a much faster turnover rate of cholesterol and a significantly reduced rapidly exchangeable cholesterol pool compared with rabbits fed casein. Similar studies performed in our laboratory revealed that the mean transit time for cholesterol was 18.4 days in rabbits fed soy protein, 36.8 days in rabbits fed casein, 33.7 days in rabbits fed soy plus lysine, and 36.3 days in rabbits fed casein plus arginine. These data suggest that addition of lysine to soy protein... 

Hydroxylated metabolites are conjugated as glucuronides and sulfates. The balance of products in this last step and their distribution between urine and feces distinguishes the metabolism between humans, rats, and rabbits (Baldwin and Hutson 1980 Bedford et al. 1975b Hutson 1981 Hutson et al. 1975), as discussed in Section 2.3.4. Similarly, studies in lactating cows ingesting radio-labeled endrin in the diet for 21 days suggest metabolic pathways similar to those in rats and rabbits with apparent differences between the 3 species attributed more to differences in biliary versus renal excretion (Baldwin et al. 1976). 

Predator odors are also effective area repellents for lagomorphs. A rabbit warren sprayed with an extract from lion feces had as many as 80% fewer animals than before the treatment and also fewer than a control warren. Adult rabbits stayed away from the treated warren longer than young ones. The effect lasted up to 5 months (Boag, 1991 Boag and Mlotkiewicz, 1994). 

Boag, B. and Mlotkiewicz, J. A. (1994). Effect of odor derived from lion feces on behavior of wild rabbits. Journal of Chemical Ecology 20,631-637. 

It was determined in several species of animals (mice, rats, rabbits) that more than 95% of the ingested amount is excreted in the feces within several days (approximately 2-4 days) (Patrick and Cross 1948 Scott et al. 1952 Sollmann and Brown 1907). Sollmann and Brown (1907) concluded that, since very little thorium was excreted in the feces following intravenous or intramuscular injection, and since very little thorium was excreted in the urine following ingestion, appreciable amounts of thorium were neither absorbed nor excreted from the gastrointestinal tract. 

Less than 5% of thorium was excreted in the urine up to 42 days after intravenous injection of thorium-234 sulfate in rats and guinea pigs (Scott et al. 1952). After intravenous injection, the amount of thorium excreted in the feces was 0.7-24.5% of the level administered for 14-42 days in rats, 0.6 and 14.6% for 2 and 5 days in guinea pigs, and 0.9% for 7 days in rabbits. In dogs injected with thorium-228 citrate, urinary excretion dominated initially, but after 2.5 years, the fecal to urinary ratio approximated 1.0 (Stover 1981 Stover et al. 1960). Thomas et al. (1963) reported the excretion of thorium citrate administered as thorium-234 tracer plus thorium-232 carrier in rats. No differences were found in the rate and route of excretion following various routes of administration (intravenous, intraperitoneal, intratracheal, and intramuscular). In the first 2 days, 25-30% of the thorium was excreted. Most of the thorium was excreted in the feces and not in the urine. At a high exposure level, the feces/urine ratio was 45 and at a low level, it was 1.6. This indicates that at the... 

DMHP in plasma appears to have a half-life of 20 h in both rat and rabbit the half-life of total radioactivity ([ C]DMHP plus C-labeled metabolites) in the slower phase of elimination was approximately 24 h. In the rat, 70% of the total radioactivity of the intravenous dose was recovered in urine and feces during 72 h 4% was excreted in urine and 66% was found in feces. A 7-d collection of urine and feces of rabbits given [1 C]DMHP resulted in recovery of 87% of the total radioactivity—24% in urine and 63% in feces. In mouse brain,29 the half-life of [ H]A-9-DMHP appeared to be about 20 h, whereas 11-hydroxy-DMHP and the "polar metabolite" seem to have (by extrapolation) half-lives in excess of 48 h. All three values were calculated on the basis of the slower phase of elimination. 

Rats and rabbits excreted unchanged isophorone and metabolites in the urine and unchanged isophorone in the expired air following oral dosing with isophorone (Dutertre-Catella et al. 1978), but the rate and extent of excretion were not reported. Preliminary results of a pharmacokinetic study indicate that following an oral dose of C-isophorone, male rats excreted 93% of the radiolabel in the urine, feces, and expired air in 24 hours, with the majority in the urine (Strasser 1988). 

Following oral or parenteral administration, thiamphenicol is well absorbed and rapidly and extensively distiibuted in the tissues of most animal species. Thiamphenicol is primarily excreted in the urine but small amounts are found in feces as well. It is excreted almost entirely in the unchanged form. Unlike chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol may not be an optimal substrate for the hepatic microsomal enzyme glucuronyl transferase. In rabbits and rats, more than 90% of the administered dose was excreted unchanged. However, a higher level of glucuronidation occurred in swine. 

In rats and monkeys, moderate absorption of diminazene has been reported following its oral administration. In studies with rabbits given the combination product at 3.5 mg/kg bw intramuscularly, maximum blood levels at 15 min and 3 h were 1.3 and 0.116 ppm, respectively. Tissue levels at 1 days after treatment were highest in the liver (40 ppm), brain (2.5 ppm), and kidney (3 ppm), whereas 40-50% of the administered was eliminated in the urine and 8-20% in the feces. 

Cameron and Patrick (1966), showed that radioactivity in the urine of rabbits at 48 hours post-dosing was five times the level observed in the blood, while radioactivity in the feces of rabbits, rats, and mice was higher than the tissue concentration in the bowel by a factor of 13. 

Animal studies have also shown secretion of radioactive barium into the stomach and intestines following intravenous injection (Syed et al. 1981). The plasma clearance of barium following intravenous injection over 9 days has been demonstrated in rabbits to be 62 mL/hour in the urine and 170 mL/hour in the feces (Liniecki 1971). The total excretion after 9 days was about 50%. 

Rats injected intravenously with a dose of 8.3 mg/kg of 4-nitrophenol excreted 35% of the dose as sulfate conjugate and 40% as glucuronide over a period of 24 hours (Meerman et al. 1987). No differences were noticed between males and females. Dogs given an intravenous dose (0.06 mg/kg) of C-labeled 4-nitrophenol excreted 92% of the dose (labeled C) in the urine in the first day (Snodgrass 1983). Radioactivity in the feces accounted for approximately 1% over a 7-day period. Snodgrass (1983) used the same protocol in rabbits and found that 78% of the dose (0.12 mg/kg) was recovered in the urine within day 1 excretion was essentially complete by day 4. Fecal elimination accounted for less than 1% of the dose. 

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