Favourable perceptions

The theories on individual decision making from other scientific disciplines tend to stress factors such as status, social peer pressure, time availability, mood, cultural aspects, self-affirmation, altruism, and self-perception, as explanatory variables to decision making [12, 13]. These latter factors are far less favourable for economic valuation since the value would be unpredictable and varying dependent on situation. They may, however, provide an equally or even better description of decision making. 

The labels 7a and 7d are used to denote mechanisms which approach, but fail to reach, the extremes of A and D character respectively. In the case 7d, the E-Y bond is perceptibly weakened prior to any significant bonding of Z to E, but EX is never present as a free entity. The label 7a is appropriate where there is evidence of incipient E-Z bond formation while the E-Y bond remains more or less intact. It is often impossible to decide whether a mechanism should be labelled A, 7or 7a, on the strength of the experimental evidence alone. If the intermediate Y—EX —Z is a plausible species, having a right to exist , we may tend to favour A as opposed to 7. If, on the other hand, the intermediate offends our notions about bonding and stability, we are inclined to postulate an 7 mechanism. Thus the well-known nucleophilic substitution reaction at a saturated carbon atom ... 

When the two substituents on the ketene are different, as in methylketene 6.253, the stereoselectivity is usually in favour of the product 6.254 with the larger substituent in the more hindered endo position. This follows from the approach 6.255, in which the ketene is tilted so that both bonds can develop simultaneously (solid lines), and tilted so that the smaller substituent, the hydrogen atom, is closer to the C=C bond. As the bonds develop further, the methyl group moves down into the more hindered environment, but this must only become perceptible after the transition structure has been passed. 

This brief literature review provides compelling evidence in favour of a significant role for the sense of taste in fat preference in rodents. However, the presence of several putative lipid receptors (CD36, Kvl.5 channels, GPR120) in taste buds was not expected and raises questions about the physiological roles of these receptors. Furthermore, the taste-mediated perception of LCFA by CD36 would be unusual owing to the multifunctional nature of this protein. 

One other important point that was mentioned earlier is that the parameters of the state of the system are not necessarily direct perceptions, such as displacement, but may be other measures such as probability. For example, if an opinion poll is taken on a sample of 1,000 people and each person is asked whether they will vote for the Labour Party, the Conservative Party, the Liberal Party, then the number of states of this system is 3 ° °. As this figure is too high to handle the state description may be replaced by just one state with three parameters of Pi. Pa. Ps. which represent the probability of the population voting Labour, Conservative or Liberal respectively. If this poll were taken many times, it would be repeatably stable in the sense now being discussed, on condition that all the opinions were in favour of either Labour, Conservative or Liberal and no other. In other words, there are repeatably only three parameters for one state. If another party were introduced, or another category such as don t knows into some of the polls and not into others, then the experiment would not be repeatedly stable. 

Experience shows that heat is disengaged in every chemical combination when carried out in circumstances favourable to its perception, and that by the saturation of powerful affinities the temperature often rises to the point of incandescence, whilst the satisfaction of the feeblest affinities is capable only of raising the temperature through a few degrees. There are some peculiar cases hydrated oxides of chromium and zirconium on heating, suddenly become incandescent and the oxide becomes insoluble in acids. Bodies may also be heated by the electric spark or current, and ... 

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