Fault bays

Primary coasts are also formed by shifts in the Earth s crust. When plates of the crust change positions, they can create large tears or splits called faults. If a fault forms at the coast, seawater rushes into it and creates a fault bay. The Gulf of California, also called the Sea of Cortes, lies between Baja California and mainland Mexico. At one time, Baja California was part of the North American continent. When the crustal plates slid horizontally past each other, a bit of land, the area now known as Baja California, was ripped away from the continent. 

Fault bays are formed by horizontal movement of Earth s plates, but plates can also move up and down. If the seabed moves down and the continental mass remains in place, tall cliffs form along the coast. On the other hand, if the continent shifts upward, places that were once under water are suddenly exposed. This kind of movement pushed up much of the seafloor in Prince William Sound, Alaska, after an earthquake on March 27, 1964. 

The St. George s Bay area is located within the Humber Zone of western Newfoundland the westernmost tectono-stratigraphic subdivision of the Newfoundland Appalachians. The Humber Zone represents the ancient continental margin of eastern North America (Williams 1995) and is partly bounded to the east by the Cabot Fault. 

Neoproterozoic to Early Paleozoic rocks of the Annidale area are interpreted to mark the southeastern margin of Ganderia in the New Brunswick segment of the northern Appalachians (Johnson et al. 2009). The area is underlain by Late Cambrian to Early Ordovician rocks of the Annidale Group and Late Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian rocks of the Belleisle Bay Group, which are juxtaposed along a major tectonic boundary marked by the Taylor Brook Fault (Fig. 1). 

The central and outer zones of the shelf are mostly represented by inclined accumulative plains in bay areas (for example, off Yalta) and by abrasive surfaces off capes Sarych, Meganom, and others. At selected places of the shelf, one can recognize manifestations of tectonic activity in the form of faults and block displacements. 

Fig. 8. Example of the increased structural frequency and number of fault insection nodes present in a damage zone associated with the Ninety Fathom Fault, Whitley Bay, Tynemouth).

The classification rule in conjunction with Bayes rule is used [126, 36] so that the posterior probability (Eq. 3.38) assuming F(7rfc x) = 1 that the class membership of the observation xq is T This assumption may lead to a situation where the observation will be classified wrongly to one of the fault cases which were used to develop the FDA discriminant when an unknown fault occurs. Chiang et al. [36] proposed several screening procedures to detect unknown faults. One of them involves FDA related T -statistic before applying Eq. 3.59 as... 

The consistent orientation of cemented fractures in outcrop, and its coincidence with the modal fault trend between Ballycastle and Murlough Bay (Figs 5 and 6), suggests that the cemented fractures formed... 

Roberts, J.C. (1976) The joint and fault patterns of the north coast of counties Antrim and Londonderry between Murlough Bay and Castlerock. Prcx. Roy. Irish Acad., 76, 619-628. 

Parrish RR, Armstrong RL (1987) The ca. 162 Ma Galena Bay Stock and its relationship to the Columbia River fault zone, southeast British Columbia. Radiogenic age and isotopic studies, Geol Surv Canada Rep 1 87-2 25-32... 

For years, watermen and farmers have been blamed for the decline in fish, oysters, and crabs in Chesapeake Bay. Watermen have been accused of overharvesting and farmers have been faulted for fertilizer and chemical run-off. Now, another culprit has been added to the list chemical weapons and other weapons material. 

Fault characteristics and the tectonic evolution in Changdi area of the Bohai Bay Basin... 

Level-one fracture, controlling basin fault , controls the deposition and allocation of petroliferous basins, and cut through basement. The faults have a long evolutionary history, hundreds of kilometers of extended length with up to ten thousand meters gap, such as Tan-Lu fault in Bohai Bay Basin. There is no Level-one fracture in this area. 

In the Bayesian procedure the failure rate X is considered as a random variable, which is described by a probability distribution. The calculation of sums and products of random variables are well-defined operations. Thus the propagation of uncertainties through the fault tree represents no difficulty. For this reason the formula of Bayes is applied as well to cases where no appropriate prior information is available, no matter how many failures were observed. In such a case the non-informative pdf is used in order to arrive at a probability distribution for the result. 

The rocks of northern Victoria Land are cut by several northwest-trending fault zones including the Leap-Year, Lanterman, and Wilson faults in Fig. 4.2. These fault zones define the Wilson, Bowers, and Robertson Bay terranes. The juxtaposition of unrelated geologic features on opposite sides of these boundary faults suggests that they are major dislocations in the continental crust of northern Victoria Land and that they may represent sutures between accreted terranes. 

The boundary between the Terra-Nova-Bay area and the main part of the Wilson terrane is not defined because the Ross Orogen continues from southern Victoria Land through the Terra-Nova-Bay area into the Wilson Terrane of northern Victoria Land without discernible interruption. The Wilson Terrane extends from the Terra-Nova-Bay area north to the Oates Coast of Antarctica and is separated from the Bowers Terrane by the Lanterman fault zone in Fig. 4.2. The Wilson Terrane extends east across the Renifick Glacier and includes the Lanterman and Salamander ranges which form its eastern province. ... 

These rocks were originally referred to as the Millen Range Schists by Findlay and Field (1983) but are now known as the MiUen Schist (GANOVEX 1987) based on their occurrence in the Millen Range (72°20 S, 166°15 E) east of the Leap Year Fault in the Robertson Bay Terrane. The Millen Schist has been traced all the way to the most northerly part of the Bowers Mountains and southeast to the Malta Plateau (72°58 S, 167°18 E). 

The rocks consist of quartz-feldspar schist and phyllite derived from sedimentary protoliths of the Robertson Bay Group, from the Molar Formation (Sledgers Group), and from metavolcanic rocks of mafic composition. In contrast to the rocks of the Robertson Bay Group, the Millen Schist was multiply deformed (Bradshaw et al. 1982 Jordan et al. 1984 Findlay 1986) presumably during tectonic activity along the boundary fault. 

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