Salamander Range

The boundary between the Terra-Nova-Bay area and the main part of the Wilson terrane is not defined because the Ross Orogen continues from southern Victoria Land through the Terra-Nova-Bay area into the Wilson Terrane of northern Victoria Land without discernible interruption. The Wilson Terrane extends from the Terra-Nova-Bay area north to the Oates Coast of Antarctica and is separated from the Bowers Terrane by the Lanterman fault zone in Fig. 4.2. The Wilson Terrane extends east across the Renifick Glacier and includes the Lanterman and Salamander ranges which form its eastern province. ... 

In the next section, the geology of the Morozumi Range and of the Lanterman and Salamander Ranges will be discussed separately because their tectonic settings differ from that of the Daniels Range in the western province of the Wilson Terrane. 

Fig. 4.15 The Morozumi, Lanterman, and Salamander ranges extend from the western province of the Wilson Terrane across the Rennick Glacier to the Bowers and Robertson Bay Terranes. The principal lithologic units of the basement complex are iden-...

The comparison of the initial Sr/ Sr ratios in Fig. 4.17 supports the conclusion that the feldspar in the till of the Morozumi Range originated primarily from the Granite Harbor Intrusives (GHI) and not from the Rennick Schist (RS) and the Wilson Gneiss (WG) which are exposed in the Daniels Range and in the adjacent Lanterman and Salamander ranges in Fig. 4.14. 

The Salamander Range is located southeast of the Lanterman Range and is separated from the Freyberg Mountains by the upper Canham Glacier. The northern part of the Salamander Range consists of Wilson Gneisses which, in the southernmost part, is overlain by residual outcrops of the Beacon Supergroup and of the Kirkpatrick Basalt. 

Fig. 4.19 The Bowers Terrane occupies the central area of northern Victoria Land flanked by the Wilson Terrane in the west and the Robertson Bay Terrane in the east The major rock types of this segment of the Transantarctic Mountains are identified by capital letters in alphabetical order A = Admiralty Intmsives, B = Beacon Supergroup, BT = Bowers Terrane, G = Granite Harbor Intrusives, P = Galhpoli Porphyries, R = Robertson Bay Group, W = Wilson Group. The Kirkpatrick Basalt has been onritted from this map for the sake of clarity and the Ferrar Dolerite sills are included with the Beacon Supergroup. The Lanterman and Salamander ranges constitute the eastern province of the Wilson Terrane (Adapted from Gair et al. 1969)...

W7,W15 4.9.3.14 Wilson Gneisses, Salamander Range, Rb-Sr RG230, Quaitz-biotite schist Feldspar, Ca-silicate WR 555 36 0.7158 0.0004 7... 

A second cluster of outcrops of Beacon rocks in Fig. 10.12 within the Rennick basin includes the Freyberg Mountains, the Morozumi Range, the HeUiwell Hills, as well as the Lanterman and Salamander ranges. The Beacon rocks of northern Victoria Land lie uncom-formably on the metasedimentary rocks of the basement... 

Short-range transfer of chemical factors may require body contact. Male Appalachian woodland salamanders press or slap their mental gland on the nares of the female (Arnold, 1966). The pygmy salamander even pierces the skin of the female s head with his modified teeth and vaccinates it with the secretion from his mental gland. 

A non-toxic species of salamander may derive protection from predators by visually resembling a toxic form so closely that predators cannot distinguish between them Batesian mimicry). Free-ranging birds avoid both the toxic red eft Notophthalmus viridescens) and the similar-looking non-toxic red morph of the red-backed salamander Plethodon cinereus). The red-striped morph of P. cinereus, which does not resemble the red eft, is eaten (Brodie and Brodie, 1980). 

Brodie, E. D., Jr. and Brodie, E. D. III. (1980). Differential avoidance of mimetic salamanders by free-ranging birds. Science 208,181-182. 

The red eft stage of the red-spotted newt contains toxic, bad-tasting chemicals in its skin. As a result, many potential predators learn to avoid this animal, and will not eat red efts. The range of the red salamander Pseudotriton ruber) overlaps part of the larger range of the red-spotted newt in the eastern United States. It appears that the superficially similar but non-toxic red salamander may be a mimic of the color of the red eft, taking advantage of the fact that many predators avoid this animal as food. 

Responses of mitral cells to odors are typically complex during odor exposure, units may be initially excited then inhibited, inhibited then excited, or may exhibit more complex responses. The character of these responses may alter with odor concentration. Individual units may more reliably discriminate between odors if unit activity is recorded in relation to an artificial sniff cycle (Macrides and Chorover, 1972). Recent authors have emphasized the necessity of testing the response of each cell over a range of odor concentrations (Meredith, 1986 Harrison and Scott, 1986). Testing with several odors, each at several different concentrations, showed that a significant number of cells respond differently to at least two odors at all odor concentrations (Wellis et al. 1989). Similar results in the salamander led to the concept of concentration tuning of bulb units individual cells appeared to respond best to a particular concentration of each odorant (Kauer, 1974). 

To determine whether loss of TSpc potency or salamander non-responsiveness was responsible for the decline in behavioral avoidance during late winter, the responses of 48 captive P. cinereus were compared to those from 48 newly captured ( fresh ) salamanders to the same TSpc rinse on 10 April 2000. The captive animals had been used in multiple TSpc tests throughout winter (Mean SD = 5.77 1.19, Range 3 - 8). Unlike the captive salamanders tested in November after 5 months in summer/fall captivity, these over-winter captives in early April failed to avoid TSpc ( = 0.00, P=. 00 Figure 1), but the newly-captured salamanders tested with the same rinse avoided TSpc ( = 12.0, P < 0.001), and the difference in responses between the two groups was significant (X = 5.38, P < 0.05). The activity levels also differed between the two groups of salamanders (captive mean SD = 0.81 1.381, fresh mean = 3.96 3.07 t = 6.48, P < 0.001, df= 94). 

Madison, D. M., and Shoop, C. R., 1970, Homing behavior, orientation, and home range of salamanders tagged with Tantalum-182, Science, 168 1484. 

Barthalmus, G. L., and Beilis, E. D., 1972, Home range, homing and the homing mechanism of the salamander, Desmognathus fuscus, Copeia, 1972 632. 

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